Kyasanur Forest Disease Outbreak and Vaccination Strategy, Shimoga District, India, 2013–2014

Kiran, Shivani K.; Pasi, Achhelal; Kumar, Satish; Kasabi, Gudadappa S.; Gujjarappa, Prabhakara; Shrivastava, Aakash; Mehendale, Sanjay; Ls, Chauhan; Laserson, Kayla F.; Murhekar, Manoj

doi:10.3201/eid2101.141227

Cited by 46 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV; family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) causes debilitating and fatal haemorrhagic disease (around 500 cases p.a., up to 10% mortality [25]) in forest communities. Key affected groups include small-holder farmers engaged in cultivation and grazing of cattle in forests [26], forest-dependent tribal communities who gather NTFP, day labourers in plantations and State forest department workers [27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting disease risk areas through co-production of spatial models: The example of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India’s forest landscapes

et al. 2020

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Zoonotic diseases affect resource-poor tropical communities disproportionately, and are linked to human use and modification of ecosystems. Disentangling the socio-ecological mechanisms by which ecosystem change precipitates impacts of pathogens is critical for predicting disease risk and designing effective intervention strategies. Despite the global "One Health" initiative, predictive models for tropical zoonotic diseases often focus on narrow ranges of risk factors and are rarely scaled to intervention programs and ecosystem use. This study uses a participatory, co-production approach to address this disconnect between science, policy and implementation, by developing more informative disease models for a fatal tick-borne viral haemorrhagic disease, Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), that is spreading across degraded forest ecosystems in India. We integrated knowledge across disciplines to identify key risk factors and needs with actors and beneficiaries across the relevant policy sectors, to understand disease patterns and develop decision support tools. Human case locations (2014-2018) and spatial machine learning quantified the relative role of risk factors, including forest cover and loss, host densities and public health access, in driving landscape-scale disease patterns in a long-affected district (Shivamogga, Karnataka State). Models combining forest metrics, livestock densities and elevation accurately predicted spatial patterns in human KFD cases (2014-2018). Consistent with suggestions that KFD is an "ecotonal" disease, landscapes at higher risk for human KFD contained diverse forest-plantation mosaics with high coverage of moist evergreen forest and plantation, high PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting disease risk areas through co-production of spatial models: The example of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India’s forest landscapes

et al. 2020

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“…A formalin-inactivated tissue culture-derived virus vaccine has been a primary public health tool in responding to this threat in recent years; however, effectiveness remains modest and immunity appears to be short-lived in the absence of repeat boosting. 59 Inactivated TBEV vaccines used in children and adults have been reported to induce protective neutralizing Ab responses after three doses. [60][61][62][63][64] A head-to-head comparison between vaccines is difficult because of the lack of international standards of immunogenicity.…”

Section: Tbev: Trade-offs For Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Works in Progress: Update on Flavivirus Vaccine Development

Collins

Metz

2017

Clinical Therapeutics

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Most areas of the globe are endemic for at least one flavivirus, putting billions at risk for infection. This diverse group of viral pathogens causes a range of manifestations in humans from asymptomatic infection to hemorrhagic fever to encephalitis to birth defects and even death. Many flaviviruses are transmitted by mosquitos and have expanded in geographic distribution in recent years, with dengue virus being the most prevalent, infecting approximately 400 million people each year. The explosive emergence of Zika virus in Latin America in 2014 refocused international attention on this medically important group of viruses. Meanwhile, yellow fever has caused major outbreaks in Africa and South America since 2015 despite a reliable vaccine. There is no vaccine for Zika yet, and the only licensed dengue vaccine performs suboptimally in certain contexts. Further lessons are found when considering the experience with Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and tickborne encephalitis virus, all of which now have protective vaccination in human or veterinary populations. Thus, vaccination is a mainstay of public health strategy for combating flavivirus infections; however, numerous challenges exist along the path from development to delivery of a tolerable and effective vaccine. Nevertheless, intensification of investment and effort in this area holds great promise for significantly reducing the global burden of disease attributable to flavivirus infection.

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“…The primary vaccination strategy is by an inactivated two‐dose vaccine (Dandawate, Desai, Achar, & Banerjee, ), but its use is usually confined to limitation exercises after an epidemic arises. The major disadvantage of the current vaccination efforts is that it covers only a few among the target population with all the required doses (Cook et al., ; Kiran et al., ). One of the reasons suspected for the upsurge of KFD cases in the Shimoga district, Karnataka State, in 2012 is due to the unavailability of subsequent booster vaccine doses.…”

Section: Future Perspectives In Predicting and Controlling Kfdvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The primary vaccination strategy is by an inactivated two-dose vaccine (Dandawate, Desai, Achar, & Banerjee, 1994), but its use is usually confined to limitation exercises after an epidemic arises. The major disadvantage of the current vaccination efforts is that it covers only a few among the target population with all the required doses (Cook et al, 2016;Kiran et al, 2015). .…”

Section: Future Perspectives In Predicting and Controlling Kfdvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kyasanur forest disease virus breaking the endemic barrier: An investigation into ecological effects on disease emergence and future outlook

Ajesh

Nagaraja²,

Sreejith

2017

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) is found in a limited range of India, but is epidemiologically understudied. The seasonal patterns of KFD are well known; however, the significant concern is on the extent to which changes in epidemiology happen especially under the influence of ecological destructions and by the eventual effects of resulting climate change. Presently, a southward and northward spread of the Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) along the Western Ghats has been reported in the adjoining states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Maharashtra. In this review, we investigate the cascade of factors that might have facilitated the resurgence of KFDV among the endemic regions in higher frequency and its recent emergence in the area previously not reported. Utilizing published data, we additionally endeavour to exhibit a portion of the impediments of control systems and embody the powerful option strategies for developing KFDV control.

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Kyasanur Forest Disease Outbreak and Vaccination Strategy, Shimoga District, India, 2013–2014

Cited by 46 publications

References 7 publications

Predicting disease risk areas through co-production of spatial models: The example of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India’s forest landscapes

Predicting disease risk areas through co-production of spatial models: The example of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India’s forest landscapes

Progress and Works in Progress: Update on Flavivirus Vaccine Development

Kyasanur forest disease virus breaking the endemic barrier: An investigation into ecological effects on disease emergence and future outlook

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