Kynurenic Acid and Its Analogs Are Beneficial Physiologic Attenuators in Bdelloid Rotifers

Abstract

The in vivo investigation of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and its analogs is one of the recent exciting topics in pharmacology. In the current study we assessed the biological effects of these molecules on bdelloid rotifers (Philodina acuticornis and Adineta vaga) by monitoring changes in their survival and phenotypical characteristics. In addition to longitudinal (slowly changing) markers (survival, number of rotifers alive and body size index), some dynamic (quickly responding) ones (cellular reduction capacity and mastax contraction frequency) were measured as well. KYNA and its analogs increased longevity, reproduction and growth, whereas reduction capacity and energy-dependent muscular activity decreased conversely. We found that spermidine, a calorie restriction mimetic, exerted similar changes in the applied micro-invertebrates. This characterized systemic profile evoked by the above-mentioned compounds was named beneficial physiologic attenuation. In reference experiments, using a stimulator (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and a toxin (sodium azide), all parameters changed in the same direction (positively or negatively, respectively), as expected. The currently described adaptive phenomenon in bdelloid rotifers may provide holistic perspectives in translational research.

SZR-104, a Novel Kynurenic Acid Analogue with High Permeability through the Blood–Brain Barrier

“…The flow injection optimization was performed in order to determine the proper quantifier and qualifier ions of given protonated precursor ions and optimize the collision energy and tube lens for each analyte (Table 1). A six-point curve of the external calibration was used for the quantification of the compounds, which was based on quantifier ion of analyte/quantifier ion of SZR-73 peak area ratios vs concentration [24].…”

Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Symptoms of Silent Progression, Biomarkers and Neuroprotective Therapy—Kynurenines Are Important Players

“…In a recent evaluation, it was found that newly synthetized KYNA analogues can effectively decrease tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in Staphillococcus aureus -induced cell cultures [ 220 ]. In another recent evaluation on bdelloid rotifer species, KYNA and its analogs increased longevity, reproduction, and growth in animals, while reducing the capacity and energy-dependent muscular activity at the same time [ 221 ]. Another molecule, 1-methyl-Trp, was found to effectively drive Trp-catabolism toward he KYNA path in both mice and ex vivo human blood cultures [ 222 ].…”

Translational biomedicine-oriented exploratory research on bioactive rotifer-specific biopolymers

“…24 A similar interdisciplinary regulatory interaction is the effect of kynurenic acid on the metabolism of rotifers. 25 Several studies have proven that this ancient molecule alone prominently and adequately represents the multifunctionality occurring in nature or specific effects on the nervous system. [26][27][28] However, the relevance between micrometazoa and human studies can only be applied and interpreted to a certain extent.…”