Kyoto flexible mechanisms: opportunities and barriers for industry and financial institutions

Use of waste derived fuels in cement industry: a review

“…Annex I countries are the industrialized countries that have binding targets under the Kyoto Protocol and include countries that were members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1992 plus 188 MEQ 27,2 countries with economies in transition, including those of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Recognizing that climate change is a global problem and emission reductions are desirable regardless of the place where these are made, the Kyoto Protocol has envisaged three market-based mechanisms: CDM, JI and ET ( Janssen, 2003).…”

“…For an investor country, such benefits could be follow-up exports of goods, services and ancillary products to the host country, while a host country would benefit from the inward investments and technology transfer (See, 2001). On the other hand, CDM projects could have more transaction costs due to additional requirements of validation, verification and certification ( Janssen, 2003). Prospects for the cement industry under the CDM are promising.…”

The implications of the Kyoto project mechanisms for the deployment of renewable electricity in Europe

“…If this was so, RES-E investments in the EU would not be so attractive in the first place and, therefore, crowding out would be unlikely. Econometric models predict very different CO 2 allowance prices, ranging from 5 to 70 h/ton (see Janssen, 2002). The closing price of recent allowance transactions in Europe is around 13 h/tCO 2 (Point Carbon, 2004), although some large transactions (240,000 ton) were closed at a price between 5.5 and 9 h/tCO 2 .…”

“…CDM/JI project developers often incur high transaction costs and there are large uncertainties and risks (see Janssen, 2002). Although several measures have been taken to reduce these obstacles, 23 some remain and could prevent the realisation of CDM/JI investments.…”