Kyrieleis Arteriolitis Associated with Acute Retinal Necrosis Due to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Secondary to Herpetic Encephalitis

Makri, Olga Ε; Tsekouras, I K; Leonidou, Lydia; Kagkelaris, Konstantinos; Kozobolis, Vassilios; Georgakopoulos, Constantinos D.

doi:10.3390/vision6020027

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(1 citation statement)

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“…These infiltrates typically begin in the peripheral regions of the eye, and there may be signs of vasculitis (usually arteritis) with limited retinal haemorrhages. Atypical features of ARN, such as Kyrieleis arteriolitis [ 23 ], segmental granular lesions aligned along the retinal vessels [ 24 ], and choroidal involvement [ 25 ] have also been reported. As the disease progresses, necrosis occurs, vitreous inflammation increases and the peripheral lesions rapidly spread toward the posterior pole.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in acute retinal necrosis; an update

Kalogeropoulos,

Afshar,

Kalogeropoulos

et al. 2024

Eye

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Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a rare but severe ophthalmic pathology defined by panuveitis, retinal necrosis, and high rates of retinal detachment. ARN may lead to poor visual outcomes even if promptly diagnosed and treated. ARN may present with a wide spectrum of clinical findings compatible with panuveitis including anterior uveitis, scleritis, vitritis, necrotizing retinitis, occlusive vasculitis, and optic disc edema. The American Uveitis Society introduced clinical criteria in 1994 for the diagnosis of ARN, while more recent criteria have been proposed by the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group and the Japanese ARN Study Group. Multimodal imaging is a valuable tool in evaluating patients with ARN, particularly in unusual cases, while utilizing retinal imaging and applying AI algorithms in these areas of clinical research could be highly beneficial. Over the last few years, significant progress has been made in achieving timely diagnosis and treatment. The precise identification of the viral cause in suspected ARN cases has been greatly enhanced by the advancements in PCR techniques and flow cytometry used for intraocular fluids. systemic (intravenous or oral) antivirals with adjunctive intravitreal antiviral therapy are recommended as first-line therapy to reduce disease severity, the risk of vision loss, and retinal detachment incidence. Although aciclovir was the first existing antiviral agent, at present many clinicians prefer high-dose valaciclovir orally or intravenous aciclovir combined with intravitreal foscarnet. Despite significant progress in diagnosing and treating ARN, further research is needed to improve visual outcomes in this challenging clinical condition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%