“…Later, several theories analyzed the knowledge-based economy dynamics such as the evolutionary theory of economic change Knowledgebased economy in the Arab world 129 (Dosi, 1982;Nelson and Winter, 1982), the new growth theory (Romer, 1986), the national innovation systems theory (Nelson, 1993;Lundvall, 1995) and the triple helix theory (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, 2001). More recently, the literature on the knowledge-based economy moved toward a focus on the dynamics of the digital economy, the emergence of new sectors and industries such as the artificial intelligence (AI) (Doloreux and Savoie-Dansereau, 2019), agricultural technology (Agritech) (Padhy and Satapathy, 2020), financial technology (Fintech) (Lee and Shin, 2018) and smart cities. Knowledge has emerged as a fundamental driver of economic growth and development (Asongu and Kuada, 2020).…”