La hipocalcemia en la vaca lechera. Revisión

Flores, Carlos; Cortés-Vidauri, Zimri; Hernández-Briano, Pedro; Lozano-Domínguez, Renato Raúl; López-Carlos, Marco Antonio; Cruz, Ulises Macías; Avendaño‐Reyes, Leonel

doi:10.22319/rmcp.v13i4.5277

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 145 publications

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“…Due to uterine inertia, a retained placenta occurs. A noticeable decline in milk yield of 14% occurs, and cows are more prone to various diseases: ketosis, retained placenta, and abomasal displacement [ 126 ].…”

Section: Hypocalcemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Treatment with intravenous calcium administration rapidly increases the calcium level in the blood, which can be potentially dangerous [ 132 ]. Extremely high levels of calcium in the blood can cause fatal cardiac complications and hinder calcium mobilization in cows at critical moments [ 126 ]. Since the subcutaneously administered drug is more challenging to be absorbed due to weakened peripheral absorption, it should not be used as the sole choice.…”

Section: Hypocalcemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Most Important Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cattle during the Transition Period

Tufarelli,

Puvača,

Glamočić

et al. 2024

Animals

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This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of three critical metabolic diseases affecting dairy cattle such as subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), ketosis, and hypocalcemia. SARA represents a disorder of ruminal fermentation that is characterized by extended periods of depressed ruminal pH below 5.5–5.6. In the long term, dairy herds experiencing SARA usually exhibit secondary signs of the disease, such as episodes of laminitis, weight loss and poor body condition despite adequate energy intake, and unexplained abscesses usually 3–6 months after an episode of SARA. Depressed milk-fat content is commonly used as a diagnostic tool for SARA. A normal milk-fat test in Holstein dairy cows is >4%, so a milk-fat test of <3% can indicate SARA. However, bulk tank testing of milk fat is inappropriate to diagnose SARA at the herd level, so when >4 cows out of 12 and <60 days in milk are suspected to have SARA it can be considered that the herd has a problem. The rapid or abrupt introduction of fresh cows to high-concentrate diets is the most common cause of SARA. Changes in ruminal bacterial populations when exposed to higher concentrate rations require at least about 3 weeks, and it is recommended that concentrate levels increase by no more than 400 g/day during this period to avoid SARA. Ketosis, a prevalent metabolic disorder in dairy cattle, is scrutinized with a focus on its etiological factors and the physiological changes leading to elevated ketone bodies. In total mix ration-fed herds, an increased risk of mastitis and reduced fertility are usually the first clinical signs of ketosis. All dairy cows in early lactation are at risk of ketosis, with most cases occurring in the first 2–4 weeks of lactation. Cows with a body condition score ≥3.75 on a 5-point scale at calving are at a greater risk of ketosis than those with lower body condition scores. The determination of serum or whole blood acetone, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and liver biopsies is considered the best way to detect and monitor subclinical ketosis, while urine or milk cowside tests can also be used in on-farm monitoring programs. Concentrations >1.0 mmol/L or 1.4 mmol/L blood or serum BHB are considered diagnostic of subclinical ketosis. The standard threshold used for blood is 1.2 mmol/L, which corresponds to thresholds of 100 mcmol/L for milk and 15 mg/dL for urine. Oral administration of propylene glycol (250–400 g, every 24 h for 3–5 days) is the standard and most efficacious treatment, as well as additional therapy with bolus glucose treatment. Hypocalcemia is a disease of adult dairy cows in which acute hypocalcemia causes acute to peracute, afebrile, flaccid paralysis that occurs most commonly at or soon after parturition. Dairy cows are at considerable risk for hypocalcemia at the onset of lactation, when daily calcium excretion suddenly increases from about 10 g to 30 g per day. Cows with hypocalcemia have a more profound decrease in blood calcium concentration—typically below 5.5 mg/dL. The prevention of parturient paresis has been historically approached by feeding cows low-calcium diets during the dry period. Negative calcium balance triggers calcium mobilization before calving and better equips the cow to respond to the massive calcium needs at the onset of lactation. Calcium intake must be limited to <20 g per day for calcium restriction to be effective. The most practical and proven method for monitoring hypocalcemia is by feeding cows an acidogenic diet for ~3 weeks before calving. Throughout the review, emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis and proactive management strategies to mitigate the impact of these metabolic diseases on dairy cattle health and productivity. The comprehensive nature of this paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for veterinarians, researchers, and dairy farmers seeking a deeper understanding of these prevalent metabolic disorders in dairy cattle.

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Section: Hypocalcemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypocalcemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Most Important Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cattle during the Transition Period

Tufarelli,

Puvača,

Glamočić

et al. 2024

Animals

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“…Los niveles de calcio (Ca) disminuyen en la sangre y el citosol en el momento del parto, alterando la transmisión del impulso nervioso, la contracción muscular y la actividad de las células inmunitarias. En el sistema nervioso, el Ca participa en la conducción de estímulos; en el sistema muscular, disminuye las contracciones, provocando alteraciones en el músculo liso, útero y glándula mamaria; en el útero hay retención y almacenamiento de fluidos y desechos uterinos, con complicaciones bacterianas (Arechiga- Flores et al, 2022).…”

Section: Hipocalcemia Puerperalunclassified

Nutrición animal: Texto de formación universitaria

Huanca¹

2023

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El texto que se pone a consideración del lector, en su edición digital, revisada y corregida, ha sido preparado con fines académicos, para la formación de médicos veterinarios y/o zootecnistas, en el contexto del Altiplano de Puno-Perú; sin embargo, puede servir como referencia para todo lector interesado en la nutrición animal. Incluye seis unidades temáticas: fisiología digestiva de los animales, como uno de los procesos nutricionales clave, seguida de energía (carbohidratos), lípidos, proteínas, minerales y vitaminas, y una unidad temática adicional sobre la evaluación de la composición química y calorimetría de los alimentos.

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“…In conditions where calcium in the feed was insufficient, calcium in the body will be mobilized to meet this need. If calcium levels in the blood could not be maintained, cows would experience puerperal hypocalcemia, paresis, or milk fever (Arechiga-Flores et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Standard treatment for milk fever prioritized intravenous administration of calcium borogluconate solution. The content of magnesium, phosphorus and potassium chloride salts in the infusion solution was supportive to help calcium absorption (Arechiga-Flores et al, 2022). Dextrose was a source of muscle-skeletal energy (Argilés et al, 2016), and caffeine was a neuro-muscular stimulant (Mesquita et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addition of dextrose and caffeine to the intravenous treatment of milk fever in Holstein Friesian cattle

Ady Kurnianto,

Novianto Meska Pratama

2023

Ovz

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A farmer reported a cow unable to stand 48 hours postpartum. The cow was a 2.5 years old dairy cow with a body weight of around 350 kg. The cow was fed elephant grass, standard concentrate (16–18%) crude protein, and drinking water ad libitum without mineral supplementation during the dry season. The cow's position and posture when lying down, ear temperature, and eye pupils were included in the physical examination. Availability of food and drink was examined to predict appetite and thirst. The results of the history and physical examination showed that the cow was unable to stand 48 hours after calving, had no appetite and eye reflexes, had cold ears, and trembling hind legs. The cow was laid on its right side, with its head turned to flank. Based on the anamnesis and physical examination, the cow was diagnosed as suffering from stage 2 puerperal hypocalcemia. The cow was infused via the jugular vein with a solution containing 270 mg calcium borogluconate, 70 mg magnesium borogluconate, 300 mg dextrose, 5 mg phosphorus element, 2 mg potassium chloride, and 5 mg caffeine per 1 mL of solution. Forty-five minutes after the infusion, the cow was able to stand, although it still looked weak. It could be concluded that the addition of dextrose and caffeine to the standard treatment of milk fever was beneficial for recovery.

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La hipocalcemia en la vaca lechera. Revisión

Cited by 8 publications

References 145 publications

The Most Important Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cattle during the Transition Period

The Most Important Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cattle during the Transition Period

Nutrición animal: Texto de formación universitaria

Addition of dextrose and caffeine to the intravenous treatment of milk fever in Holstein Friesian cattle

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