“…More specifically, most studies use the reference indicator of the case study country: L den in Europe ( Kruize et al, 2007 ), L dn and L aeq,24h in the United States ( Sobotta et al, 2007 , Ogneva-Himmelberger and Cooperman, 2010 , Collins et al, 2020 ). In Canada, NEF was used to measure reference noise ( Audrin et al, 2021 , Audrin et al, 2019 ). It is important to remember that the NEF index will not be considered in this study for two main reasons.…”