La mejora de la capacidad de atención selectiva del jugador de baloncesto a través de la enseñanza orientada al aprendizaje táctico. (Enhancing the selective perception of basketball players through tactical learning)

Abstract

ResumenPara la adecuada toma de decisiones en baloncesto es necesario que previamente el jugador perciba los estímulos más importantes del entorno, gracias a su atención selectiva. En la actualidad la mayoría de las investigaciones que buscan la mejora táctica del jugador no tienen en cuenta esta cualidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar si mediante una metodología basada en las teorías constructivistas del aprendizaje se consigue mejorar la capacidad de atención selectiva de la muestra seleccionada, formada por 10 jugadores de un equipo amateur de baloncesto, con una edad media de 21 años. Se utilizó un diseño cuasi-experimental de caso único (n = 1) sin grupo control. El programa de intervención tuvo una duración igual a una temporada (7 meses). Para evaluar la capacidad de atención se diseñó un instrumento, previamente validado, basado en la exposición de unas escenas de vídeo de secuencias de partidos. El jugador debía describir la situación presentada, la cual posteriormente era comparada con un registro de lo que realmente sucedía. Los resultados mostraron que los jugadores, tras el programa de entrenamiento, conseguían mejorar su capacidad de atender a los estímulos más importantes, encontrándose unas mejoras del 89,5%, para los referidos a los defensivos, y del 25,5%, a los de ataque, siendo las diferencias entre el pretest y el postest altamente significativas.Palabras clave: atención, baloncesto, constructivismo, táctica. AbstractWhen making decisions in basketball, it is necessary for the player to perceive the most important environmental stimuli through selective perception. However, most research that seeks to improve player performance does not take this into account. The purpose of this study was to test whether one can improve the selective perception skills of basketball players by way of a methodology based on constructivist teaching aimed at improving the players selective perception. The study evaluated an amateur team of 10 basketball players with an average age of 21 years through the course of a typical basketball season (7 months). This was a quasi-experimental case study (n=1) without a control group. In order to evaluate the players' attention skills, a test was designed and validated before its use based on video footage of games. The player was asked to describe a specific moment from the game which would later be compared with the video record of what really occurred. The results showed that after participating in the training program, the players managed to improve their ability to perceive and act upon the most important stimuli in any given situation by 89.5% on defence and 25.5% on offense. The differences between their pre-test and post-test scores were significantly different.

Influence of intellectual impairment (II) on basketball players´ capacity to solve a game situation: towards evidence-based classification systems in II-basketball

“…Therefore, players should read and decide fast during the game (Alarcón, Cárdenas, Miranda, Ureña, & Piñar, 2010;Tenenbaum, Yuval, Elbaz, Bareli, & Weinberg, 1993). These processes require high participation of different cognitive abilities (Jakovljevic, 1996;Karalejic & Jakovljevic, 2008), due to this, basketball players with intellectual impairment (II) might present limitations to achieve similar performance levels compared to able-bodied (AB) players.…”

“…Decision making process and its cognitive components (Tenenbaum, 2003) Despite the differences found between these models, all of them agree that to solve a game situation, athletes need to follow three key fundamental stages: perception, decision and execution. These three stages require a high involvement of intellectual functioning (Alarcón et al, 2010;Tenenbaum et al, 1993). As Burns (2015) suggested, investigating the impact of II on sport performance, research should be oriented on how II influences those activities relevant to perform in a given sport that has a high cognitive load, which is the case for II basketball.…”

Influence of intellectual impairment on basketball performance = Influencia de la discapacidad intelectual sobre el rendimiento en baloncesto

“…Perceptual speed To perceive and recognize quickly a pattern during the game (Allard et al, 1980;Chen et al, 2012;Gorman et al, 2013;Gréhaigne & Godbout, 1995) Rate of test taking To control athlete´s capacity to perform tests in general (McGrew, 2003) Simple reaction time To react fast to given sensorial (visual and additive) stimuli in actions like: initial jump, to steal a ball or to fight for a rebound (Ghuntla, Mehta, Gokhale, & Shah, 2012) Choice reaction time To decide fast depending on the stimuli that appears during the game (Alarcón et al, 2010;Ghuntla et al, 2012) Most of literature cited before explained theoretical models of how different cognitive abilities might be required to perform in basketball. There seem to be certain agreement between different authors.…”

“…Therefore, players should read and decide fast during the game (Alarcón et al, 2010;Tenenbaum et al, 1993). These processes require high participation of different cognitive abilities (Jakovljevic, 1996;Karalejic & Jakovljevic, 2008), due to this, basketball players with intellectual impairment (II) might present limitations to achieve similar performance levels compared to able-bodied (AB) players.…”

“…These three stages require a high involvement of intellectual functioning (Alarcón et al, 2010;Tenenbaum et al, 1993). As Burns (2015) suggested, investigating the impact of II on sport performance, research should be oriented on how II influences those activities relevant to perform in a given sport that has a high cognitive load, which is the case for II basketball.…”