“…However, as Havens (2006) explained, it becomes a difficult genre for local competitors, since purchase and dubbing is cheaper than production. All this underlines the dominance and huge influence in the European territory by transnational media conglomerates, mainly the United States (Bignell, 2011;Fernández-Ramírez & McGowan, 2020;Livingstone, 2012;Smith, 2004;Westcott, 2002), a market dominated by the big three (Cartoon Network, Disney and Nickelodeon) (Westcott, 2002); and Japan (Ferrera, 2020;Pellitteri, 2004Pellitteri, , 2021Wells, 2004). Content from this latter market was introduced to Europe between the 1980s and 1990s and quickly became popular with the public, among other reasons due to penetration policies based on very low prices (Pelliteri, 2021;Rusca, 2012) and its mukoseski nature (Napier, 2001).…”