La renaissance du dictionnaire de langue française au milieu du XXe siècle : une révolution tranquille

Rey, Alain

doi:10.4000/books.pum.13855

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…The word environment is a much more recent word, when it is used in a sense close to what we mean herea set of elements and of physical phenomena which influence a living organism, 1827 in English and 1921 in French, although its present useensemble des conditions naturelles et culturelles susceptibles d'agir sur les organismes vivants et les activités humainesgoes back only to c.1960 [22]. Note that both keywords, nature and environment, are sometimes used together, as in the expression natural environment, which is therefore tautological.…”

Section: Abstract: Nature Environment and Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The word ecology brings the theme under the category of science: it stems from the German word Ökologie, itself from old Greek oko& and λógo&, the study of habitat, a word made up by Ernst H. Haeckel (1873), a medical doctor and biologist who specialized in zoology and anatomy. An earlier occurrence is mentioned in Henry David Thoreau (1852), although it went unnoticed at the time [23]. As a science and until 1968-1970, ecology described the milieus where living organisms lived: then a metonymic shift gave the word the meaning of what is studied by ecology.…”

Section: Abstract: Nature Environment and Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The idea is that legislation should take discretionary steps to bar chemicals (and materials) or technologies that may cause harm to the environment or to people (this includes food) to alleviate risks of a serious and irreversible nature, even if science has not yet provided definite proofs of harm. 22 The precautionary principle is now strongly anchored in EU regulations and hence in the legislation of Member States. Its use, however, is sometimes overextended, when politicians hesitate on what course of action to take, or the principle is not used, for example when industrial lobbies convince the authorities that the case is not clear enough to make a decision, like in the case of pesticides (neonicotinoids), herbicides (glyphosate) and endocrine disruptors.…”

Section: How Do Various Institutions Fare Regarding Environmental Ethmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The quotes from the Bible mentioned in Section 6.5 have long been tempered, for example by the views of Francis of Assisi (1181-1226). In 1997, Pope John-Paul II declared [92]: "in the name of an idea inspired by egocentrism and biocentrism it is being proposed that the ontological and axiological difference between men and other living beings be eliminated, since the biosphere is considered a biotic unity of undifferentiated value 23 ." More recently, the Holy Sea published the Encyclical Letter Laudato Si' [93], which explicitly adopts the concept of Sustainability: nature should be preserved and the role of human beings should take proper care of the Earth, "to till and keep it", rather than brutally "take dominion" of it Business (Corporate Sustainability Reports, Corporate Social Responsibility) has also embarked into some versions of Sustainability, as analyzed in [59].…”

Section: How Do Various Institutions Fare Regarding Environmental Ethmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The environment and materials, from the standpoints of ethics, social sciences, law and politics

Birat

2019

Matériaux & Techniques

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Materials are deeply connected with the environment, because they stem from raw materials extracted from the geosphere, rely on large amounts of energy and of water in their production stage, project emissions to air, water and soil when their ores (or minerals) are mined, when they are made in steel mills or cement kilns, including very significant amounts of greenhouse gases. They also contribute to emissions and energy consumption of the artifacts of which they are part, either consumption or investment goods. Their connection with the biosphere raises many issues, in terms of toxicology, ecotoxicology or biodiversity or simply of public health or in the working place. Materials, as an essential part of the anthroposphere, interact deeply with the anthroposphere itself but also with the biosphere, the geosphere, the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, thus with nature in a general way through mechanisms which can no longer simply be described at the margin, as resource depletion or as pollution. This raises issues related to the sustainability of materials in human activities, in which they are deeply immersed and entangled. The standard way of dealing with these environmental issues is to invoke sustainability and to explain that all actors are engaged in sustainable development, a morals or an ethics that points in which direction to go: all players in the materials field, industry, institutions and research, claim allegiance to sustainable development. At a more technical level, specific tools like Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are used extensively to measure the interaction of materials with the environment. This, however, is not enough to deal properly with the environmental issues of materials, because these issues are not marginal any longer: the anthroposphere has become so large with respect to the biosphere, the geosphere and the planet in general that environmental risk is now part of modern life, especially in connection with climate change and the loss of biodiversity. To go deeper in analyzing the connection of human activities with nature, it is therefore necessary to reach out to SSH (Social Science and Humanities) disciplines and particularly to environmental ethics. This is a prerequisite for materials scientists (and others) to act decisively in the future in the face of the danger that lies ahead of us. The present paper reviews the advances of environmental ethics, a fairly young discipline born in the 1970s, in as far as it can help all actors on the world anthropospheric theater choose their lines for the future in a more conscious and sophisticated way than simply claiming obedience to sustainability. We will review briefly intellectual forerunners of the discipline like Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Henri David Thoreau, Rachel Carson or Paul Ehrlich. This will help flesh out well-known concepts like the precautionary principle or the “polluter-pays” principle, which are invoked in creating new materials or new processes to keep pollution and health issues under control, as part of the constraints of professional ethics but also of environmental law. It will be necessary to question to whom or to what the key concept of intrinsic value is attached: people, all living organisms or ecosystems, i.e. the environment in general, and thus to define anthropocentrism, biocentrism and ecocentrism. Environmental law and the ethics of sustainable development are still mainly anthropocentric while scientific ecology is more clearly ecocentric. To tackle the challenges of environmental issues as they are posed today and to avoid catastrophes, it might be necessary in the future for all social players and for people of the world of materials to follow the steps of environmental ethics and to move up from anthropocentrism to the broader vision of ecocentrism.

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Section: Abstract: Nature Environment and Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Abstract: Nature Environment and Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: How Do Various Institutions Fare Regarding Environmental Ethmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: How Do Various Institutions Fare Regarding Environmental Ethmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The environment and materials, from the standpoints of ethics, social sciences, law and politics

Birat

2019

Matériaux & Techniques

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“…Hippocrates used the adjective epidemios (on the people) to mean "which circulates or propagates in a country" ( 4 ). This adjective gave rise to the noun in Greek, epidemia .…”

Section: Hippocrates and The Term Epidemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

2,500-year Evolution of the Term Epidemic

Martin

Martin-Granel²

2006

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

103

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Religiosity and Indigenous Cosmology in a Brazilian Hospital Setting: The Challenges Faced by Health Professionals

Freitas

Vilela

Nwora³

2023

Int J Lat Am Relig

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This article focuses on the description, discussion, and problematization of the ways indigenous spirituality is presented in a Brazil’s hospital, in the context of the treatment of chronic illnesses in children under medical supervision. It describes a short extract from a more wide-ranging study, focusing on the analysis of excerpts of the verbal responses of health professionals, and of two specific cases. Adopting a phenomenological approach, the vicissitudes of the hospitalization of indigenous children are described from the perspectives of the professionals, with an emphasis on the outcomes of the reported cases, which are riddled with impasses and challenges, with important implications for the country’s health policy and for the training of health professionals. Grounded on the cosmological explications for the illness, the indigenous child’s family members tend to resort to pajelança , (indigenous traditional healing rituals), even within the hospital environment, with or without the consent of the medical team. This process does not always end harmoniously or in an integrated fashion, evidencing the rifts in the interaction between indigenous curing practices, underpinned by thousands of years of tradition, and medical practices grounded on formal, rational, and scientific understanding. We conclude by indicating perspectives for professional training and the respective ethical considerations.

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La renaissance du dictionnaire de langue française au milieu du XXe siècle : une révolution tranquille

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

The environment and materials, from the standpoints of ethics, social sciences, law and politics

The environment and materials, from the standpoints of ethics, social sciences, law and politics

2,500-year Evolution of the Term Epidemic

Religiosity and Indigenous Cosmology in a Brazilian Hospital Setting: The Challenges Faced by Health Professionals

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