La Triple Frontera como polo de atracción de actividades ilícitas: Condiciones endógenas institucionales e ilegalidad

Abstract

The article's aim is to identify the specific characteristics that make the Tri-Border area-between Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina-a peculiar cross-border space in the South American context, constituted as a "pole of attraction for unlawful activities", a convergence point of different local and transnational actors (individuals and organizations) who carry out such undertakings and-as a consequence-a continental epicenter of the so-called "new threats to security". Three factors are pointed out that determine the specificity of this tri-border area: a physical and services infrastructure which is notably more developed than that of "similar" border areas in the region; a geographic location that makes possible the fluent exchange and close connection with the continent's most important markets; and-the factor that is considered determinant for the understanding of the problem-an especially favourable context of institutional and State weakness (characterised by high levels of corruption, especially in the case of Paraguay) that allows unlawful activities to be fruitful.

Dimensiones tradicionales y emergentes de la seguridad fronteriza del extremo norte de Chile

“…Dentro de otras aristas de este fenómeno, también se ha retomado el interés en la percepción de amenaza presente en las fronteras, debido al aumento de las denominadas "nuevas amenazas" transnacionales y/o transfronterizas (Griffiths, 2009). Complementariamente, la constatación de que la mayoría de los trabajos abocados a la triple frontera paradigmática de Sudamérica -entre Paraguay, Brasil y Argentina-se hayan centrado en su creciente criminalidad transfronteriza (Bello, 2013;Riquelme-Rivera et al, 2019) ha incidido en el tratamiento de las restantes, colmando el campo semántico de posibilidades de abordaje académico de estos espacios complejos. Cabe destacar que en este estudio precisamente confluyen tres países en la frontera norte: Chile, Perú y Bolivia (Troncoso, 2017), (Figura 1 y Figura 2).…”

Primitive Accumulation, Mafia Capitalism, and the Campesino Population in Paraguay

“…Within this, proposals were made that were presented as partially benefiting the campesino population, such as the “March to the East.” This initiative included the expansion of the agricultural frontier, mainly in the departments of Alto Paraná and Canindeyú, but was the basis for large real estate and financial businesses and linked agribusiness with smuggling and drug trafficking. Thus Paraguay was consolidated as an “accomplice state,” a label that according to Bello Arellano (2013: 106) “identifies those ‘weak States’ that tend to become blind to or participate in illegal activities that take place in their midst.”…”

La trata de mujeres con fines de explotación sexual en la región de la triple frontera

“…Asimismo, existen numerosas vías aéreas de tránsito de mujeres con fines de explotación sexual, de las que destacan Ciudad del Este-San Pablo-Madrid, Foz do Iguazú-San Pablo-Madrid y Puerto Iguazú-Buenos AiresMadrid. En este punto es menester destacar que cerca de 100 aeropuertos clandestinos se encuentran próximos a la zona trifronteriza y, según autoridades brasileñas, movilizan anualmente cerca de 1.500 millones de dólares provenientes del tráfico de armas, drogas, personas, dinero y automóviles (Bello Arellano, 2012).…”