Cerium
oxide is considered as a promising protective coating material
for the high-energy cathode of a Li-ion battery (LIB) against surface
structural degradation. However, detailed knowledge on how Li migrates
in cerium oxide is still limited, which is important for further development
of cerium oxide as an LIB high-energy cathode coating material. Herein,
using first-principles density functional theory calculations, we
investigate Li insertion and diffusion mechanisms in pristine CeO2, reduced CeO2 with oxygen vacancy, and Ce2O3 as a representative material for highly reduced
cerium oxide. For two different concentrations (1:8 and 1:27 Li:Ce),
we find that Li can occupy empty octahedral sites of CeO2 in either the neutral or ionized state. Li diffusion in fluorite
CeO2 is isotropic to the ⟨110⟩ direction,
and the energetic barrier is significantly high. An addition of O
vacancy in the CeO2 fluorite structure breaks the isotropy
of Li diffusion; the barrier is decreased if the vacancy is located
unidirectional with the ⟨110⟩ direction, and the barrier
is increased if it is in the opposite of the ⟨110⟩ direction.
In the highly reduced CeO2, i.e., Ce2O3, we observe that Li can only intercalate in the ionized Li+ state. The diffusion barrier of Li+ in this structure
is significantly lower compared to the previous pristine and reduced
CeO2 in two different concentrations, i.e., 1:2 and 1:16
Li:Ce. This indicates that the degree of reduction highly correlates
to Li diffusivity in cerium oxide. Therefore, applying a highly reduced
and O-poor CeO2 coating is suggested to allow fast and
nonobstructive Li diffusion.