Label-free detection of Giardia lamblia cysts using a deep learning-enabled portable imaging flow cytometer

Abstract

We report a field-portable and cost-effective imaging flow cytometer that uses deep learning to accurately detect Giardia lamblia cysts in water samples at a volumetric throughput of 100 mL/h. This...

Phenotypic Analysis of Microalgae Populations Using Label-Free Imaging Flow Cytometry and Deep Learning

“…The holographic imaging flow cytometer facilitates a variable sample flow rate (1−100 mL/h) using a built-in peristaltic pump (Instech p625). 17,18 The continuously flowing liquid sample is illuminated by red (630 nm), green (530 nm), and blue (450 nm) light-emitting diodes (LED) that are pulsed (120 μs), and the holographic signatures of the flowing microalgae are recorded on a 14-megapixel image sensor (Basler aca4600-10uc) running in global reset release mode and triggering the LEDs. The housing of the camera was modified to allow the sample carrying flow channel (Ibidi, #80191, uncoated, channel height: 0.8 mm) to come into direct contact with the image sensor.…”

“…Recently, we have developed a lightweight, high-throughput, and field-portable imaging flow cytometer system. 17,18 This label-free imaging cytometer (shown in Figures 1 and S1) has the dimensions of 19 cm × 19 cm × 16 cm, weighs 1.6 kg, and has an assembly cost of ∼$2500. This holographic imaging flow cytometer is based on color lens-free in-line holography, which is a computational imaging technique that uses partially coherent illumination light to capture holograms of flowing micro-objects on an image sensor, without the use of any lenses.…”

Identification of Microplastics Based on the Fractal Properties of Their Holographic Fingerprint

“…The possibility to digitally refocus and 3D track all of them without any mechanical focus scanning makes holographic flow cytometers intrinsically high-throughput (up to 480 mL/h in RGB 24 ) with respect to all the other microscopy systems. Holographic microscopes can be realized as field portable devices for highthroughput screening of natural waters [24][25][26]31 in the form of standalone sensors and, in the future, as sensor networks that exchange relevant local information about the microparticles fluxes. Submersible holographic cameras are currently embedded onboard autonomous systems and underwater vehicles and are adopted to image the microparticle content of water columns at various depths.…”

“…Besides quantitative phase-contrast imaging, DH offers flexible automatic refocusing of objects captured out of their best focus plane, and thus it has been deeply exploited for high-throughput imaging of samples in microfluidic streams, for example, in Lab on a Chip devices for lab research and onfield diagnostic applications. 16−33 In particular, DH has been applied to the field of environmental monitoring, for example, in the form of holographic flow cytometers for the taxonomy of microplankton and identification of toxic species, 24,32 water quality assessments, 25,33 air quality monitoring, 20 or even imaging in extreme environments by submersible DH systems. 31 Recently, we exploited the synergic action of a coherent holographic microscope and machine learning to assess the presence of microplastics in water.…”

Quantitative particle agglutination assay for point-of-care testing using mobile holographic imaging and deep learning

“…A lens-free holographic microscope uses a partially coherent light, usually from a light emitting diode (LED), to illuminate a thin and transparent sample that is placed right above a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor-array, by which an inline hologram of the sample is recorded 31,32 . Portable microscopy devices based on this method have been applied in many fields, including water quality monitoring 33,34 , pollen detection 35,36 , and virus sensing [37][38][39][40] . By combining holographic microscopic imaging with deep learning, challenging tasks can be achieved including e.g., birefringent crystal detection 41 and virtual staining 42 .…”