Label-Free Electrochemical Detection of the Cancer Biomarker Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor in Human Serum and Cancer Cells

Abstract

Overexpression of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) was already associated with the loss of p53 function as cancer progresses in lung, breast, and cervical cancers. Cancer biomarker detection has faced challenges and barriers due to various limitations, including a high limit of detection, low sensitivity, time-consuming techniques, and expensive equipment. Hence, the present investigation is designed to develop a cost-effective novel biosensor based on a charge-based affinity bait molecule to detect the PDGFR, thus overcoming the limitations and challenges with an immune technique based on antigen–antibody interactions. We employed EDC–NHS coupling between poly (diallyl dimethylammonium chloride) and poly­(acrylic acid) to attach the multiwall carbon nanotube surface. As a result, we performed electrochemical PDGFR conversion sensing with a dynamic range of 1–10,000 ng/mL and a detection limit of 1.5 pg/mL, which is comparable to the best current results. The biosensor also displayed good selectivity, 2.51% repeatability (RSD, n = 5), and 30 days of stability. Our study provides a pathway for the design of diagnostic interfaces in biosystems, as well as the emergence of new sensor types based on ligand–receptor interactions.

The role of platelets in the regulation of tumor growth and metastasis: the mechanisms and targeted therapy

“…In vitro studies showed the inhibition of specific molecules released by tumor cells can provide treatment. Human colon adenocarcinoma caco‐2 cell line released ADP and MMP‐2 to induce platelet activation and aggregation 174 . When ADP and MMP‐2 are inhibited, respectively, the binding of tumor cells and platelets is reduced.…”

Bimetallic Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticles for Monitoring Metabolic Changes in Cardiovascular Disorders

“…Health care costs are outstripping national and corporate budgets, owing primarily to the rising costs of treating severe diseases. Therefore, improved prevention through highly accurate and efficient diagnostic tools could potentially save numerous lives and reduce the economic burden. − Although several new diagnostics tools, such as exosome diagnostics, , nanotheranostics, piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs)-based diagnostics, artificial intelligence (AI), and sequence technology, have been suggested as the next-generation diagnostics for cardiovascular disorders, there is still a need for innovation and development of simple and efficient diagnostic tools for early detection of cardiovascular disorders.…”

Design of Bio-Graphene-Based Multifunctional Nanocomposites Exhibits Intracellular Drug Delivery in Cervical Cancer Treatment

“…15,16 Furthermore, graphene has also found wide use in a variety of nanobiotechnological applications, including the environment, biomedicine, and biotechnology. 17,18 The controlled delivery of therapeutic drugs using graphene oxide (GO)-based nanomaterials is a viable possibility. It has been utilized to improve current chemotherapies due to its outstanding physiochemical and high drug loading capacity, strong colloidal stability, and rapid cellular absorption.…”

“…Recently, rapid advancements in nanotechnology have resulted in a significant increase in the use of nanomaterials in various aspects of daily life, and several types of nanomedicines for pharmaceuticals and biomedical enterprises have been developed. − It is largely employed in bone development and regeneration, medicine administration, biomolecule delivery, vascular implants, and hydrogen production in the food, cosmetics, paint, and healthcare industries. , These nanoparticle-based drug deliveries have a wide range of applications in various fields of research, including cancer therapy, because they preserve the drugs against metabolic degradation, increase circulation lifetime and slow down the rate of elimination from the blood, increase the drug delivery to the tumor, control release, and minimize undesirable post-treatment effects. , Recently, a huge number of nanocarriers have been employed to carry a variety of medicinal compounds; graphene has emerged as a promising candidate for drug delivery. , Furthermore, graphene has also found wide use in a variety of nanobiotechnological applications, including the environment, biomedicine, and biotechnology. , …”