Label-Free Immunosensor Based on Polyaniline-Loaded MXene and Gold-Decorated β-Cyclodextrin for Efficient Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen

Abstract

Multiple strategies have been employed to improve the performance of label-free immunosensors, among which building highly conductive interfaces and introducing suitable biocompatible carriers for immobilizing antibodies or antigens are believed to be efficient in most cases. Inspired by this, a label-free immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection was constructed by assembling AuNPs and β-CD (Au-β-CD) on the surface of FTO modified with PANI-decorated f-MXene (MXene@PANI). Driven by the high electron conductivity of MXene@PANI and the excellent capability of Au-β-CD for antibody immobilization, the BSA/anti-CEA/Au-β-CD/MXene@PANI/FTO immunosensor exhibits balanced performance towards CEA detection, with a practical linear range of 0.5–350 ng/mL and a low detection limit of 0.0429 ng/mL. Meanwhile, the proposed sensor presents satisfying selectivity, repeatability, and stability, as well as feasibility in clinic serum samples. This work would enlighten the prospective research on the alternative strategies in constructing advanced immunosensors.

Development of Two-Dimensional Functional Nanomaterials for Biosensor Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Prospects

“…Overall, 2D nanomaterials show great promise for biosensing applications, and ongoing research is exploring the potential of these nanomaterials in various biosensing platforms. There are some more related studies show in Figure 3 [148][149][150]. Figure 3a shows the schematic representation of the preparation steps involved in PCN/GO.…”

“…Figure 3c demonstrates the synthesis process of the MXene/PANI and electrochemical immunosensor. Figure 3d shows the CV-measured curves of composite for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen [149]. Figure 3e presents the mechanism for detection of L-cysteine.…”

Recent trends in nanostructured carbon-based electrochemical sensors for the detection and remediation of persistent toxic substances in real-time analysis

“…Similarly, by integrating β-CD (Au-β-CD) and AuNPs upon the interface of FTO enhanced using PANIfabricated f-MXene (MXene@PANI), Wang et al [84] created a label-free immunosensor to be used for the sensing of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Figure 3 depicts the steps involved in developing the electrochemical immunosensor [84]. Initially, anti-CEA (10 μg ml −1 , 20 μl) was annealed on the Au-β-CD/ MXene@PANI electrode before it was heated at 4 °C.…”

Rational design of nonlinear hybridization immunosensor chain reactions for simultaneous ultrasensitive detection of two tumor marker proteins

“…3 In the biomarker-recognition step, antigens and antibodies are typically used due to their high specicity and affinity. 4,5 In the complex blood matrix environment, efficient and robust signal amplication methods are necessary to detect low-concentration biomarkers. However, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) do not satisfy the requirements for rapid detection due to their compromised sensitivity.…”