2009
DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.000001
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Label-free photoacoustic ophthalmic angiography

Abstract: We present label-free functional photoacoustic imaging of the ocular microvasculature in living animals. The anterior segment of an adult mouse was imaged with a laser exposure level well within the American National Standards Institute safety standards. Individual red blood cells traveling along the iris capillaries were clearly resolved, and the hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the iris microvasculature was imaged spectrally. We believe that photoacoustic imaging has the potential to advance the diagnosis and… Show more

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Cited by 135 publications
(128 citation statements)
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“…Third, the combination of the high nonradiative quantum yield of hemoglobin, the perfect 100% sensitivity of PAM to optical absorption, and the enhanced tissue transparency enables imaging sensitivity down to the single RBC level with a low laser exposure (contrast-to-noise ratio is ϳ 100:1 with 570-nm laser excitation). 53 Fourth, the combination of the contrast-free preparation and low-level laser exposure enables noninvasive repetitive imaging of chronic processes including, but not limited to, temporal angiogenesis. With the present L-PAM, we were able to dissect neovascular elaboration in TetON-HIF-1 mice at the capillary level in the same animal for prolonged observation intervals (60 days, or more if necessary).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Third, the combination of the high nonradiative quantum yield of hemoglobin, the perfect 100% sensitivity of PAM to optical absorption, and the enhanced tissue transparency enables imaging sensitivity down to the single RBC level with a low laser exposure (contrast-to-noise ratio is ϳ 100:1 with 570-nm laser excitation). 53 Fourth, the combination of the contrast-free preparation and low-level laser exposure enables noninvasive repetitive imaging of chronic processes including, but not limited to, temporal angiogenesis. With the present L-PAM, we were able to dissect neovascular elaboration in TetON-HIF-1 mice at the capillary level in the same animal for prolonged observation intervals (60 days, or more if necessary).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These functional capabilities make OR-PAM a powerful research tool for basic preclinical investigations of oxygen supply and delivery at capillary level. With the exception of opthalmic applications [119,121] clinical applications of OR-PAM are inevitably limited owing to the short penetration depth it provides.…”
Section: 'Optical Resolution' Photoacoustic Microscopymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A dualmode OR-PAM-OCT instrument has been developed [120] and used to obtain in vivo images of the retinal vasculature, optic disc and underlying RPE ( figure 15(a-c)). As well as imaging retinal blood vessels in there is further scope to visualize the structure and sO 2 of the iris microvasculature and related abnormalities as shown in figure 15(d) [121]. Silverman et al [176] describe an OR-PAM scheme combined with a high-frequency pulse-echo ultrasound imaging capability.…”
Section: Skinmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The laser pulse energy was 40 nJ, which was reported to be eye-safe by different groups. 4,17 Because reflection-SLO and PAOM shared the same optical illumination, pulse energy was the same as that for PAOM only.…”
Section: Experimental Systemmentioning
confidence: 99%