Label-free tracking of nanosized graphene oxide cellular uptake by confocal Raman microscopy

Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO), a partially oxidized two-dimensional allotrope of carbon, is an attractive nanocarrier for cancer diagnostics and therapy. The nanometer-sized GO is known to permeate cell membranes. Herein we studied the cellular uptake pathways of GO nanoflakes by cancer and non-cancerous cell lines. By employing confocal Raman imaging, we were able to track the GO cellular uptake in living cells (C33 and MDCK) without any additional fluorescent or plasmonic labels. This specific progress in label-free Raman imaging of GO facilitates the monitoring of nanoflakes at the cellular level.

Selective Tumor Hypoxia Targeting Using M75 Antibody Conjugated Photothermally Active MoOx Nanoparticles

“…On the other hand, certain cell line viability increases above 100%. This cell overgrowth can be frequently observed in biocompatible nanomaterials. , The high biocompatibility of the MoO x and MoO x -M75 conjugates studied herein is consistent with the literature on MoO x -based nanomaterials. MoO x -PEG nanoparticles incubated for 24 h with HeLa, HepG2, and PANC-1 cells showed cell viability as high as 82% up to a concentration of 200 μg mL –1 .…”

“…Prior to cluster analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) can be performed to reduce the dimensionality and lower the hyperspectral data noise. In our previous studies, we successfully visualized MoS 2 - , and GO-based , nanoflakes inside cellular matter using this method. The conjugates were localized in lysosome-rich cellular regions.…”

A Multifunctional Graphene Oxide Platform for Targeting Cancer

“…Before all experiments with conjugation of magnetic nanoparticles and monoclonal antibodies to GO were done, a viability assay of cell lines in the environment with GO was performed during 5 days, as described in previous work [56], where application of GO as a low-toxicity platform for the next functionalization and was demonstrated.…”

Label-free detection and mapping of graphene oxide in single HeLa cells based on MCR-Raman spectroscopy

“…10 In fact, dyes can signicantly affect the interaction of the drugs used with the cell when investigating drug transport and metabolism. 12,13 Raman microscopy is particularly frequently used, as it is sensitive enough to monitor changes in cells at the molecular level. In addition to the detection of cancer cells, Raman spectroscopy can also be used in the investigation of cancer treatment options 14 or targeted drug transport.…”