Labeled vs Actual Concentration of Bleaching Agents

Ba, Matis; Matis, JI; Wang, Y; Monteiro, Sylvio; Al-Qunaian, TA; Millard, Rebecca S.

doi:10.2341/11-367-l

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Several bleaching agents with different hydrogen peroxide concentrations are now available on the market for in-office techniques, including carbamide peroxide-based agents 16 , 20 . Carbamide peroxide is commonly used for at-home bleaching using a tray-based technique and dissociates into hydrogen peroxide (approximately a third of its former concentration) and urea, which further breaks down into water and ammonia 7 , 29 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-concentration carbamide peroxide can reduce the sensitivity caused by in-office tooth bleaching: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial

et al. 2018

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Objectives A single-blinded, randomized, parallel clinical trial evaluated the use of 37% carbamide peroxide (CP) on bleaching effectiveness and tooth sensitivity reported by patients undergoing in-office tooth bleaching, in comparison with the results of using 35% hydrogen peroxide.Material and Methods Forty patients were allocated to receive two sessions of in-office tooth bleaching using either 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) or 37% CP. Each patient’s sensitivity level was evaluated during and up to 24 h after bleaching. The effectiveness of the bleaching procedures was evaluated with a spectrophotometer one week after each session and 30 days after the last session. The impact of tooth bleaching on the patients’ perceptions regarding smile changes, in addition to the bleaching procedures and their results, were also recorded. Absolute and relative sensitivity risks were calculated. Data on sensitivity level were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney or T-test, and data from the color evaluation were subjected to 2-way repeated measures ANOVA.Results The use of CP reduced the risk and level of tooth sensitivity to values close to zero, whereas the difference between the bleaching agents disappeared after 24 h. An increased bleaching effect was observed for HP, mainly due to an improved reduction of redness and yellowness. Participants perceived improved tooth bleaching for HP and reduced sensitivity for CP, but no differences regarding the comfort of the techniques were noted.Conclusions In our study, 37% CP resulted in reduced tooth sensitivity but decreased the tooth bleaching effectiveness. However, both bleaching agents resulted in high levels of patient satisfaction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-concentration carbamide peroxide can reduce the sensitivity caused by in-office tooth bleaching: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial

et al. 2018

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“…Over the years, patients are increasingly asking for tooth whitening. It is well known and accepted that the effectiveness of bleaching agents is dependent on the contact time between the agent and tooth surface and on the peroxide concentration [13]. The actual concentration of bleaching agents compared to the labeled concentration has been investigated by several authors [1,13,15,17,[19][20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method recommended for assaying peroxide by the United States Pharmacopeia [18] and International Standard [14] was used to determine the amount of peroxide in the bleaching agents. The specific steps taken in the present chemical analysis have been used previously in several studies [10,13,[19][20][21][22]. All products were stored at room temperature upon arrival at the university and maintained in separate groups until analysis.…”

Section: Peroxide Concentration Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Storage Temperature Influences the Carbamide Peroxide Concentration of at Home Bleaching Agents

Klein¹

2018

BJSTR

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This study aimed to evaluate the influence of storage temperature on the maintenance of bleaching agent concentration and whether concentrations are within the recommendations of the International Standard for products for external tooth bleaching. The samples consisted of ten commercially manufactured and four compounded tooth whitening gels. Hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide bleachin agents at different concentrations were included on analysis. The United States Pharmacopeia and International Standard methods was used to determine the amount of peroxide, in the agents of different brands and concentrations after products storage at 3°C, 20°C and 40°C by 8 days. Analysis was repeated 8 times for each temperature. Differences between means was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test at 1% of significance. In general, storage at hot temperatures decreases the peroxide concentration. None of the tested bleaching agents match the labeled peroxide concentration, especially those based on carbamide peroxide from dispensing pharmacy that has differences less than 30% from labeled. These findings indicate that the storage temperature influences the concentration of the peroxides tested.

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“…It is highly sensitive to light and thermal exposure [13]. These factors are the main cause of CP degradation upon storage and result in a reduction in tooth whitening efficacy [14]. Many stabilizers and deterioration inhibitors have been used for preventing CP degradation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability and Influence of Storage Conditions on Nanofibrous Film Containing Tooth Whitening Agent

2021

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Carbamide peroxide (CP), a tooth whitening agent, is chemically unstable. The present study explores stability enhancement of CP by loading in a nanofibrous film (CP-F) composed of polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinylpyrrolidone/silica mixture, using an electrospinning technique. Kept at a temperature range of 60–80 °C for 6 h, CP in CP-F showed significantly higher stability than that in a polymer solution and in water, respectively. Degradation of CP in CP-F could be described by the first order kinetics with the predicted half-life by the Arrhenius equation of approximately 6.52 years. Physicochemical properties of CP-F after long-term storage for 12 months at different temperatures and relative humidity (RH) were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was found that high temperature and high humidity (45 °C/75% RH) could enhance water absorption and destruction of the nanofibrous structure of CP-F. Interestingly, kept at 25 °C/30% RH, the nanofibrous structure of CP-F was not damaged, and exhibited no water absorption. Moreover, the remaining CP, the mechanical properties, and the adhesive properties of CP-F were not significantly changed in this storage condition. It is concluded that the developed CP-F and a suitable storage condition can significantly improve CP stability.

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Labeled vs Actual Concentration of Bleaching Agents

Cited by 9 publications

References 1 publication

High-concentration carbamide peroxide can reduce the sensitivity caused by in-office tooth bleaching: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial

High-concentration carbamide peroxide can reduce the sensitivity caused by in-office tooth bleaching: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial

Storage Temperature Influences the Carbamide Peroxide Concentration of at Home Bleaching Agents

Stability and Influence of Storage Conditions on Nanofibrous Film Containing Tooth Whitening Agent

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