Labeling of Graphene, Graphene Oxides, and of Their Congeners

Abstract

The area of biomedical imaging is fast becoming an active focus for the utilisation of graphene within a variety of imaging modalities. Graphene can be oxidised to produce a material with a high degree of functionality and has led to its expansion as a platform for the immobilisation of fluorescent and radiolabelled molecules. Its large surface area has allowed graphene and its oxides to be modified with a variety of molecules that enhance biocompatibility, selectivity and therapeutic potential. This chapter highlights recent developments in the use of targeted fluorogenic or radiolabelled graphene materials that can be used to image cancers via fluorescence, PET & SPECT modalities. Key emphasis is placed on the nanocomposites that are designed to provide additional therapeutic effects. The capacity of these composites to be internalised by cells and tumours is discussed to appreciate the future perspective of graphene and its congeners as therapeutic multimodal imaging agents.

Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrids of Chiral Functional Naphthalenediimides for Prostate Cancer Cells Bioimaging

“…Tyson emerged. [9][10][11] The functionalization of carbon-based nanomaterials, especially CNTs and graphene, is extremely attractive in the bioanalytical area for electrode design as they can combine properties of the high surface area, acceptable biocompatibility, chemical and electrochemical stability, and good electrical conductivity., [ 12,13 ] For instance, CNTs demonstrate faster response time and higher sensitivity than traditional electrodes. Such improved performance is attributed to their 1D hollow tubular nanochemistry that is responsible for the effi cient capture and promotion of electron transfer from analytes.…”

Self-Assembled Materials Incorporating Functional Porphyrins and Carbon Nanoplatforms as Building Blocks for Photovoltaic Energy Applications

“…We reported recently on the lab scale preparation of new functional porphyrins modified in both meso-and β-position and metalled to obtain a more tuneable UV-vis absorption. Such functional porphyrins have been deemed challenging to synthesis on a lab scale previously; however, in our recent studies, we isolated these and studied their interactions with carbon nanomaterials (Mao et al, 2016;Tyson et al, 2016a;Mao et al, 2017;Calatayud et al, 2019;Mao et al, 2019;Owen et al, 2020).…”

Radio- and nano-chemistry of aqueous Ga(iii) ions anchored onto graphene oxide-modified complexes

“…metallic nanoparticles), its use as a nanocarrier for drug/gene delivery [3][4][5][6][7] or as a probe in molecular imaging is being explored. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Currently, functional graphenes and their covalent and non-covalent functionalised derivatives have been investigated as potential nanoplatforms for a variety of imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 8,[12][13][14] fluorescence, 8,[15][16][17] positron emission tomography (PET) and photoacoustic imaging. 8,[18][19][20] In addition, the combination of different imaging modalities on the same nanocomposite has been explored.…”

“…[6][7][8][9][10][11] Currently, functional graphenes and their covalent and non-covalent functionalised derivatives have been investigated as potential nanoplatforms for a variety of imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 8,[12][13][14] fluorescence, 8,[15][16][17] positron emission tomography (PET) and photoacoustic imaging. 8,[18][19][20] In addition, the combination of different imaging modalities on the same nanocomposite has been explored. 8,21,22 Several recent studies show that graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites can be conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or small chelating molecules (e.g.…”

“…8,[18][19][20] In addition, the combination of different imaging modalities on the same nanocomposite has been explored. 8,21,22 Several recent studies show that graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites can be conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or small chelating molecules (e.g. 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-trisacetic acid, deferoxamine, etc.)…”