Labeling Theory

Abstract

Labeling theory is rooted in a tradition of understanding criminal behavior as a product of the interpretation of realities whereby certain meanings are attached to different actions. This tradition called for the reevaluation of personal behavior based upon the symbols attached to those behaviors by observers. Focus shifted from individual behavior to the process of defining, tagging, and isolating certain individuals based on the meanings attached to their actions. The development of labeling theory is premised on the belief that in order for deviance to cause a public reaction, it must be apparent and visible to others within the community, while also acknowledging that public reaction can vary widely. The consequences of these processes are examined within the context of their stigmatizing effects on individuals, and also how they impact changes in their definition of self, lead to reduced integration into society, and increase the chances of associating with deviant social groups.