“…Inverarity and Grattet, 1989;Inverarity and McCarthy, 1988;Jankovic, 1977). Both have their limitations, given the tremendous variation in penal severity across states and over time (see Chiricos and Delone, 1992). Consequently, recent research has begun to employ data for states over time (Beckett and Western, 2001;Greenberg and West, 2001;Jacobs and Carmichael, 2001).…”