Laboratory diagnosis, molecular characteristics, epidemiological and clinical features of an outbreak of measles in a low incidence population in Australia

Jayamaha, Jude; P, Binns; Fennell, Michael; Ferson, Mark J; Newton, Peter; Tran, Thomas; Catton, Michael; Robertson, Peter; Rawlinson, William D.

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2012.02.025

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Some of the unvaccinated case-patients were due or overdue for measles-containing vaccine, which is supported by a detailed analysis of cases notified in 2011. 13 This highlights the importance of timely childhood vaccination. The introduction of MMR-V vaccine and bringing forward the timing of the second measles dose may further reduce disease burden among 0-4-year olds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genotyping involves the amplification of part of the N (nucleocapsid) gene, and genotype classification is based on nucleic acid sequencing of the polymerase chain reaction products using established methods. 13 Hospitalisations Measles hospitalisation data was obtained from the Admitted Patient Data Collection for NSW residents with an ICD-10-AM diagnosis code of B05 (measles) admitted between July 2001 and June 2011. Hospitalisation rates were calculated using annual end-year population estimates from the ABS.…”

Section: Notificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sequencing and genotyping are powerful molecular tools to support epidemiological investigations and to assist countries to adhere to elimination criteria. 13 Access to genotyping information for measles cases is important to demonstrate the interruption of circulating virus strains and identify new importations of the measles virus.The average annual case notification rate during the 10-year period dropped markedly compared to the previous report for the period 1991-2000 (from 10.4 to 0.41 per 100 000 population). 20 Case notification rates differed by geographic area and were highest in the LHD with the lowest vaccination coverage.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As with previous national reports, 22,23 measles case notification rates and hospitalisation rates were almost double for Aboriginal people during the overall reporting period but was not found to be statistically significant. However in 2011, this differential increased, and Aboriginal persons had statistically significantly higher measles notification rates.Measles surveillance systems will not always identify every case of disease, 13,24 as evidenced by the retrospective identification of measles index cases in emergency department outbreaks 13,25,26 and through analysis of the hospitalisation data that identified possible case-patients that were not notified. Diagnostic or coding errors would most likely explain the additional measles hospitalisations identified among persons aged 65 years and over that were not notified.…”

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confidence: 99%

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EpiReview: Measles in NSW, 2002 - 2011

Rosewell¹,

Reinten-Reynolds²,

Spokes³

2012

NSW Public Health Bull.

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Measles has been eliminated in NSW for more than a decade; however outbreaks associated with international travel do occur. This EpiReview describes the epidemiology of measles in NSW from [2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008][2009][2010][2011]. A total of 281 cases of measles were notified during the period, an average annual notification rate of 0.41 notifications per 100 000 population (range: 0.06-1.25). There were 139 hospitalisations recorded with a measles diagnosis in the 10-year reporting period, corresponding to a rate of 0.20 hospitalisations per 100 000 population. Of the 80 measles virus specimens genotyped, five genotypes were identified: D9 (38%), D8 (24%), D4 (16%), D5 (14%) with H1 identified less frequently (9%). No single genotype was associated with local transmission across successive years. To sustain good measles control, children should be vaccinated against measles on time through routine childhood immunisation, and all young adults who travel internationally should be vaccinated. Clinician awareness remains important in the early identification and control of measles to avoid further transmission during outbreaks and to enable the timely implementation of public health measures.Measles is an acute and highly contagious viral disease that is currently the most important cause of vaccinepreventable death globally. 1 Measles is rare in Australia with low rates of hospitalisation and death. 2 Measles is transmitted by airborne particles, droplets or fomites and humans are the only host of the measles virus. Common symptoms of measles include fever, rash, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, diarrhoea and loss of appetite. Complications include ear infections, pneumonia, convulsions, croup, encephalitis and death. A milder illness is sometimes seen in vaccinated individuals, 3 and severe disease tends to occur in infants and malnourished persons. 1 Sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis is a rare, delayed, fatal complication of measles virus infection.In Australia, measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines are scheduled as two doses for all children: the first at 12 months and the second at 4 years of age. 4 In 2013, the inclusion of measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine (MMR-V) on the childhood immunisation schedule will bring forward the second measles dose to 18 months from 4 years. 5 In addition, documented immunity to measles has been a mandatory requirement for new health care workers in New South Wales (NSW) since 2007. In NSW, the percentage of children immunised with at least one dose of MMR at 2 years of age is 93.9%, 6 with some variation across local health districts (LHDs) and Aboriginal communities. 7 People at highest risk of measles infection include: infants aged less than 1 year (who are too young to be vaccinated); children aged 1-4 years who have received only a single dose of vaccine, especially if received late; and those born in the late 1960s to mid 1980s (who were neither infected with measles, nor vaccinated against it). 8Multiple lines of evidence suggest measl...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Notificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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EpiReview: Measles in NSW, 2002 - 2011

Rosewell¹,

Reinten-Reynolds²,

Spokes³

2012

NSW Public Health Bull.

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Viral Infections

Sterling

2016

Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, Ninth Edition

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Timely measles surveillance in the Republic of Korea, 2002–2009: Impact of sentinel laboratory surveillance

Choe

Eom

Bae

et al. 2013

Journal of Medical Virology

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In order to sustain the elimination of measles, timely reporting is important. The surveillance data in Korea from 2002–2009 was analyzed to determine the effect of sentinel laboratory surveillance, which was introduced in 2006, on the timeliness of measles reporting. The data were stratified by two surveillance periods, (A) before and (B) after 2006, and by cases confirmed clinically and cases confirmed by laboratory measures. During Period A, 113 suspected cases were reported, and 241 during Period B. There was no difference in the proportion of timely reporting among cases confirmed clinically between the two periods, whereas the proportion of cases confirmed by laboratory measures has increased. The mean notification interval in cases confirmed by laboratory measures was shortened from 39 to 16 days. In Korea, sentinel laboratory surveillance has enhanced earlier detection of suspected cases that had not been reported, improving the timeliness of measles surveillance. Adopting this new method may improve the timely collection of cases in other countries. J. Med. Virol. 86:322–328, 2014. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Medical Virology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Laboratory diagnosis, molecular characteristics, epidemiological and clinical features of an outbreak of measles in a low incidence population in Australia

Cited by 20 publications

References 8 publications

EpiReview: Measles in NSW, 2002 - 2011

EpiReview: Measles in NSW, 2002 - 2011

Viral Infections

Timely measles surveillance in the Republic of Korea, 2002–2009: Impact of sentinel laboratory surveillance

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