Laboratory Diagnosis of Leptospirosis

Shotts, Emmett B.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387050-6.50023-2

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Despite substantial biological differences among human spirochetes, all spirochetoses share a spirochetemic phase during the early stage of infection (6,17,20,22). Leptospires can cause hepatitis in humans.…”

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Uptake and Killing of Leptospira interrogans and Borrelia burgdorferi , Spirochetes Pathogenic to Humans, by Reticuloendothelial Cells in Perfused Rat Liver

Marangoni¹,

Aldini²,

Sambri³

et al. 2000

Infect Immun

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In situ-perfused rat livers were infused with a single dose of 1.5 ؋ 10 7 radiolabeled cells of Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, the agent of leptospirosis, or with Borrelia burgdorferi IRS, the agent of Lyme disease. Significant (P < 0.0001) differences in the liver uptake of L. interrogans and of B. burgdorferi were observed, the uptakes being 37.4% ؎ 2.3% for L. interrogans and 60.5% ؎ 3.1% for B. burgdorferi. Leptospires, in contrast to borreliae, were recovered from the livers when liver samples were cultured in growth medium. Leptospires but not borreliae were recovered in bile within 30 min of infusion. The association of leptospires and borreliae with reticuloendothelial cells of the liver was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Leptospires and borreliae were found to be associated with vimentin-positive cells and not with desminpositive cells. Few leptospires but no borreliae were also seen associated with vimentin-and desmin-negative cells, suggesting the presence of leptospires outside the sinusoidal spaces, in the liver parenchyma.The spirochetes Borrelia burgdorferi and Leptospira interrogans are the etiological agents of Lyme disease and leptospirosis, respectively. Despite substantial biological differences among human spirochetes, all spirochetoses share a spirochetemic phase during the early stage of infection (6,17,20,22). Leptospires can cause hepatitis in humans. This will result in microscopic alteration in the liver, including swelling of parenchymal cells, disruption of the liver cord, enlargement of Kupffer cells, and bile stasis in biliary canaliculi (2). In Lyme disease, liver function test abnormalities are common but mild and are most often not associated with symptoms (12). Lyme disease presenting as hepatitis and jaundice has been also reported (8). The involvement of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system (RES) in host defense by phagocytosis and killing of blood-borne spirochetes has been previously demonstrated in animals. Studies by us (18) have shown significant differences in the rat liver uptake of borreliae causing Lyme disease and of borreliae involved in relapsing fevers and have also indicated that B. burgdorferi is efficiently taken up by hepatic macrophages in the absence of serum factors. Electron microscopy studies by Faine (10) showed that in experimentally infected mice leptospires are found almost entirely in Kupffer cells and also interstitially between or in parenchymal liver cells.The perfused liver has been used several times in the past few decades to study bacterial hepatic phagocytosis (5, 13, 15). We therefore used such a technique to evaluate the uptake and killing of leptospires in comparison with borreliae by the rat hepatic RES in the elimination of circulating bacteria. Although the mouse is a widely used model for experimental infections with borreliae, this study was performed with rats, since they are more suitable for liver perfusion. The applicability of rats for experimental studies on borreliae has also been shown previously...

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Uptake and Killing of Leptospira interrogans and Borrelia burgdorferi , Spirochetes Pathogenic to Humans, by Reticuloendothelial Cells in Perfused Rat Liver

Marangoni¹,

Aldini²,

Sambri³

et al. 2000

Infect Immun

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“…Leptospiras may be isolated from specimens which are not grossly con taminated by inoculation into media such as Ellinshausen's, Stuarts, or Fletcher's. Selective agents such as 5-fluorouraci1 Rodgers, 1964, Shotts, 1975), neomycin, sulfathiazole, and cycloheximide (Shotts, 1976) have been added to the media singly or in combinations to aid in isolation when specimens were grossly contaminated. When isolating leptospira from the environment, animal inoculation has been used for pathogens, while filtration of specimens and inoculation of double strength media has been used to isolate saprophytes (Shotts, 1976;Henry et al, 1971).…”

Section: Other Spirochetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of swine dysentery: development and evaluation of cultural and serological methods for the detection of Treponema hyodysenteriae infection

Songer

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This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suqiected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed ths photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again-beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction couid be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received.

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“…Migration of the organisms through the filter results in subsurface growth in the agar in pure colonies (Wichelhausen and Wichelhausen, 1942;Loesche and Socransky, 1962;Smibert, 1971;Smibert, 1973b;Saheb and Richer-Massicotte, 1972;Todd et al, 1970;Hunter and Ross, 1972). 1964 , Shotts, 1975, neomycin, sulfathiazole, and cycloheximide (Shotts, 1976) have been added to the media singly or in combinations to aid in isolation when specimens were grossly contaminated. When isolating leptospira from the environment, animal inoculation has been used for pathogens, while filtration of specimens and inoculation of double strength media has been used to isolate saprophytes (Shotts, 1976;Henry et al, 1971).…”

Section: Isolation Of Spirochetes Treponemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Isolation Of Spirochetes Treponemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1964 , Shotts, 1975, neomycin, sulfathiazole, and cycloheximide (Shotts, 1976) have been added to the media singly or in combinations to aid in isolation when specimens were grossly contaminated. When isolating leptospira from the environment, animal inoculation has been used for pathogens, while filtration of specimens and inoculation of double strength media has been used to isolate saprophytes (Shotts, 1976;Henry et al, 1971).Certain relapsing fever Borreliae have been isolated by inoculation of blood from affected animals into a complex broth medium. Greater than 800 organisms have been required to initiate growth (Kelly, 1976 (Alexander et al, 1976;Hunter and Saunders, 1973;Goudswaard and Cornelisse, 1973;Joens, 1976).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of swine dysentery: development and evaluation of cultural and serological methods for the detection of Treponema hyodysenteriae infection

Songer

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INFORMATION TO USERSThis material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted.The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, itis an indication that the photographer suqiected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame.3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed ths photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again -beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction couid be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. The earliest report in the literature of swine dysentery was in 1921 PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms Internationalby Whiting et al. Other workers (Whiting, 1924;Murray et al., 1927;Whiting, 1928; Biester et al. 1935; Hofferd, 1935;Gray, 1939;Koen, 1939;Doyle, 1939;Bryant, 1939;Wilson, 1940;Truax, 1941;Murphy, 1941;Wilson, 1943) concurred with the findings reported in this first publica tion. Swine dysentery was described as a severe, mucohemorrhagic enter itis, occurring in all ages of weaned pigs, reproducible by feeding in fected whole colon from natural cases, and to which no specific etiologic agent could be assigned. Various etiologic agents and contributing factors were suggested: Balantidium coli (Gray, 1939;Mencheva and Sherkov, 1962), a viral agent (Agapov, 1940;Androw, 1940;Manninger et al., 1960), Clostridium perfringens toxin (Matthias, 1968), a leptospire (Bertrand, 1952) and other spirochetes (Whiting et al., 1921;Murray et al., 1927; Biester et al., 1935), and other agents (Sofrenovic et al., 1973b), but most commonly a vibrio (Whiting et al., 1921;Whiting, 1924;Whiting, 1928;Doyle» 1935;Hofferd, 1936;Bryant, 1939;Doyle, 1939;Koen, 1939;...

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Laboratory Diagnosis of Leptospirosis

Cited by 11 publications

References 23 publications

Uptake and Killing of Leptospira interrogans and Borrelia burgdorferi , Spirochetes Pathogenic to Humans, by Reticuloendothelial Cells in Perfused Rat Liver

Uptake and Killing of Leptospira interrogans and Borrelia burgdorferi , Spirochetes Pathogenic to Humans, by Reticuloendothelial Cells in Perfused Rat Liver

Epidemiology of swine dysentery: development and evaluation of cultural and serological methods for the detection of Treponema hyodysenteriae infection

Epidemiology of swine dysentery: development and evaluation of cultural and serological methods for the detection of Treponema hyodysenteriae infection

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