Laboratory efficacy of an anthraquinone-based repellent for reducing bird damage to ripening corn

Carlson, James C.; Tupper, Shelagh K.; Werner, Scott J.; Pettit, Susan E.; Santer, Michele M.; Linz, George M.

doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2013.01.011

Cited by 19 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…At 9619 ppm anthraquinone redwinged blackbirds consumed less than 2% of kernels on treated ears. The anthraquinone was applied to the husk of the corn and residue levels on kernels compared to the husk were orders of magnitude less in red-winged blackbirds (Carlson et al, 2013). The anthraquinone residue levels on the sweet corn in our starling experiment were lower or similar to those reported for the Carlson et al (2013) red-winged blackbird experiment however, consumption of sweet corn by starlings in our experiment decreased for both treated and untreated groups as anthraquinone concentration increased.…”

Section: Fruit/sucrose Matrixcontrasting

confidence: 47%

“…Previous experiments have shown that starlings are less susceptible to chemicals than red-winged blackbirds (Schafer, 1972), indicating that starlings may require considerably higher levels of anthraquinone then red-winged blackbirds for repellent efficacy. In previous testing, red-winged blackbirds tested with Avipel Ò (an anthraquinone-based repellent) and sweet corn showed a positive relationship between anthraquinone concentration and percent damage (Carlson et al, 2013). At 9619 ppm anthraquinone redwinged blackbirds consumed less than 2% of kernels on treated ears.…”

Section: Fruit/sucrose Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We conducted two separate analyses because sweet corn growers will need a repellent that prevents birds from damaging ears while field corn producers will need a repellent that reduces corn consumption. Thus, it was important for us to demonstrate that anthraquinone can reduce both the percent of corn consumed and the number of ears affected (Carlson et al, 2013).…”

Section: Concentration Response/preference Testing (Sweet Corn)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used reversed-phase, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection to quantify anthraquinone residues (i.e., actual concentrations; Table 1) in methods which have been reported previously by Carlson et al (2013).…”

Section: Residue Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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European starling feeding activity on repellent treated crops and pellets

et al. 2014

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a b s t r a c tThe varied diet of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.) can present challenges when working with starlings in experimental testing and holding situations and should be taken into account when testing repellents applied to food. Our purpose was to evaluate an anthraquinone-based repellent (Arkion Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA; active ingredient 50% 9,10-anthraquinone; hereafter anthraquinone) and SucraShieldÔ (Natural Forces, Davidson, NC, USA; active ingredient 40% sucrose octanoate esters) repellent for non-lethal protection of specialty crops (i.e., fruit, sweet corn) and grains. Our objectives were to evaluate (1) laboratory efficacy of anthraquinone applied topically to blueberries and sweet corn, (2) laboratory efficacy of anthraquinone applied to two pellet matrices, and (3) laboratory efficacy of SucraShieldÔ as a chemical repellent for European starlings. We found that anthraquinone was not an effective repellent for blueberries or sweet corn, although consumption of each matrix varied potentially due to sucrose content. Anthraquinone was an effective repellent on CU Bird Carrier pellets with 6275 ppm needed to achieve 80% repellency, whereas up to 35,000 ppm anthraquinone was not effective when the anthraquinone was not topically applied. SucraShield was not an effective repellent for starlings and in fact increased consumption of CU Bird Carrier as concentration increased.Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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Section: Fruit/sucrose Matrixcontrasting

confidence: 47%

Section: Fruit/sucrose Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Concentration Response/preference Testing (Sweet Corn)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Residue Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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European starling feeding activity on repellent treated crops and pellets

et al. 2014

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“…Despite the potential advantages such structured approaches may offer (Clark 1998) and new insights into the responses of birds to sensory cues (Clark 2014;Werner et al 2014), most of the recently published experimental trials of bird repellents internationally have focussed on further testing or enhancement of a few reasonably well characterised compounds, particularly anthraquinone, d-pulegone, and methyl anthranilate (e.g. Carlson et al 2013;Esther et al 2013;Tupper et al 2014;Werner et al 2015). The main reason for this appears to be a focus on repellents that are already registered for use, given the very high cost of registering novel products (Eisemann et al 2011).…”

Section: Strategies For Repellent Testing and Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Repellents with potential to protect kea and other native birds from aerial poisoning for possum and rat control

Cowan¹,

Booth²,

Crowell³

2016

NZ J Ecol

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Concern about non-target risks to native birds, particularly kea (Nestor notabilis), from aerial poisoning has prompted the evaluation of potential repellent compounds that could be incorporated into the cereal pellet bait used for possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and rat (Rattus spp.) control. Initial trials of d-pulegone and anthraquinone were not wholly successful, with the former having poor stability in bait and the latter reducing bait uptake by rats. While research to stabilise d-pulegone in bait remains an option, a review of alternative compounds was undertaken to assist with decision-making about future directions for research, including consideration of possible formulation issues and cost. Most of the information reviewed related to use of repellents for crop protection where the aim is to reduce economic loss rather than prevent feeding on the crop, whereas preventing feeding is the primary aim for native bird protection. A further constraint was the lack of information for many compounds on response of rodents and possums. Cinnamamide, tannic acid, caffeine, garlic oil, ortho-aminoacetophenone, and thiram were identified as possible candidates and evaluated in relation to their potential to repel native birds from eating cereal baits without affecting efficacy for possums and rats. Cinnamamide, caffeine, and thiram, while effective as bird repellents, are likely to be repellent to rats at concentrations suitable for use with native birds, including kea. The little information found suggested that garlic oil was repellent to birds; it has not been formally tested on possums and rats, but anecdotal evidence did not suggest strong aversion. Ortho-aminoacetophenone appears effective as a bird repellent, but its repellency for possums and rats requires clarification. Tannic acid has some efficacy as a bird repellent, and is not repellent to possums and rats at lower concentrations. It is not clear if tannic acid exerts its effect solely as a primary repellent or whether it also has secondary repellent effects. In order from most to least promising, tannic acid, ortho-aminoacetophenone, and garlic oil are worthy of further investigation. Because each compound has demonstrated some efficacy as a bird repellent, initial testing should focus on screening against possums and rats.

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Bird-repellent effects on bait efficacy for control of invasive mammal pests

et al. 2014

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Anthraquinone is not suitable for inclusion in bait for rat control at the concentrations tested, and also presents some risk to efficacy for possum control. D-pulegone would be suitable for inclusion in bait for possums and rats, but problems related to its volatility in bait manufacture and storage would need to be overcome. Further studies should focus on an alternative secondary repellent, or on establishing the maximum anthraquinone concentration that does not reduce efficacy for rats and testing whether or not that concentration is sufficient to repel native birds from baits reliably.

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Laboratory efficacy of an anthraquinone-based repellent for reducing bird damage to ripening corn

Cited by 19 publications

References 16 publications

European starling feeding activity on repellent treated crops and pellets

European starling feeding activity on repellent treated crops and pellets

Repellents with potential to protect kea and other native birds from aerial poisoning for possum and rat control

Bird-repellent effects on bait efficacy for control of invasive mammal pests

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