Laboratory selection, cross‐resistance, and estimations of realized heritability of indoxacarb resistance in Phenacoccus solenopsis (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

Abstract

BACKGROUND Cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis is a pest of cotton, vegetables, ornamentals, and medicinal plants. In many parts of the world P. solenopsis has been managed by integration of cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods, but in Pakistan the use of insecticide sprays has resulted in the development of resistance to some insecticides. In this study indoxacarb resistance was investigated by selecting a P. solenopsis population under laboratory conditions for many generations. The cross‐resistance potential of indoxacarb resistance with other chemistries and the realized heritability of indoxacarb resistance were also evaluated. RESULTS A field population of P. solenopsis selected with indoxacarb for 27 generations had a 25 623.17‐fold resistance level. The highly indoxacarb resistant population showed very high cross‐resistance to spinosad and very low cross‐resistance to bifenthrin and chlorpyrifos. The mean estimated h2 of resistance to indoxacarb was only 0.04. The number of generations predicted for the development of ten‐fold indoxacarb resistance at a constant h2 = 0.04 against selection intensities of 10% and 95% were 346 and 36 (slope = 3.18), 237 and 25 (slope = 2.18) and 128 and 13 (slope = 1.18). However, at a constant slope = 1.18 and selection intensities of 10% and 95%, the same increase in indoxacarb resistance occurred after 128 and 13 (h2 = 0.04), 103 and 11 (h2 = 0.05), and 86 and 9 (h2 = 0.06) generations. CONCLUSION This study revealed that P. solenopsis has a very high resistance to indoxacarb as a result of laboratory selection. Thus, resistance to this insecticide in the field may also occur. Indoxacarb resistance can be minimized by rotating it with bifenthrin and/or chlorpyrifos due to its very low cross‐resistance to these insecticides and by avoiding its rotation with Spinosad, which has very high cross‐resistance. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Characterization of Indoxacarb Resistance in the Fall Armyworm: Selection, Inheritance, Cross-Resistance, Possible Biochemical Mechanisms, and Fitness Costs

“…In the present study, the resistance was characterized as an incompletely recessive trait with polygenic effects when S. frugiperda was exposed to indoxacarb. A similar pattern of resistance was reported when S. litura [ 66 ] , H. armigera [ 68 ], S. exigua [ 32 ], and P. solenopsis (Tinsley) were exposed to indoxacarb, respectively [ 70 ]. In contrast, dominant and polygenic resistance to indoxacarb was reported in S. litura [ 66 ].…”

Colonization and Authentication of the Pyrethroid-Resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. Muleba-Kis Strain; an Important Test System for Laboratory Screening of New Insecticides

“…To overcome the problem of low resistance, the selection of insect colonies using a sub-lethal concentration of insecticide has been extensively adopted to increase or induce heritable resistance [73,74]. Several studies have successfully induced resistance by selecting either adult mosquitoes [50,72,75,76] or larvae [50,[77][78][79].…”

Investigating the Parasitoid Community Associated with the Invasive Mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis in Southern China

“…This mealybug species has caused serious yield losses of cotton in some Asian countries, particularly India and Pakistan [9,10]. Since its first report in mainland China in 2008, this mealybug has spread to 16 provinces of the country by the end of 2018 [11]. It was estimated that all cotton-growing regions of China could be infested by this mealybug [5].…”

“…However, due to the presence of a waxy coating over the body, ovoviviparous mode of reproduction (parthenogenesis with ovoviviparity is dominant over the oviparous mode), and overlapping generations and their cryptic habits, effective management of this pest is often limited to conventional insecticides [12]. In addition, repeated and overuse of insecticides have resulted in resistance and tolerance of P. solenopsis to some insecticides, and a negative impact on natural enemies, which could cause the resurgence of this pest [13][14][15][16]. Therefore, strategies for sustainable management of P. solenopsis, including biological control, have attracted increasing attention in recent years.…”