Laboratory studies of the homogeneous nucleation of iodine oxides

Burkholder, James B.; Curtius, Joachim; Ravishankara, A. R.; Lovejoy, Edward R.

doi:10.5194/acp-4-19-2004

Cited by 154 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The mechanism of iodine-induced nucleation has been the subject of intense research during the last few years (Burkholder et al, 2004;O'Dowd and Hoffmann, 2005;Plane, 2005, 2006;Saunders et al, 2010;Pechtl et al, 2006), but there are still some outstanding questions. Recent laboratory and modelling ) studies indicate that I 2 O 3 and I 2 O 4 monomers rather than I 2 O 5 are more likely to be responsible for formation of iodine oxide particles.…”

Section: Ultra-fine Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concurrent observations of atomic iodine, molecular iodine and ultrafine particles in a coastal environment

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Simultaneous measurements of atomic iodine (I), molecular iodine (I 2 ) and ultrafine particles were made at O Grove, Galicia (42.50 • N, 8.87 • W), on the northwest coast of Spain. The observations show a strong tidal signature, and indicate that the most probable sources of reactive iodine species are the exposed macroalgae during low tide. For the first time, I 2 and I were concurrently measured revealing a high average I 2 /I ratio of ∼32, which is higher than previously inferred by modelling studies. A 1-dimensional photochemical model is employed to simulate the observations showing that the high I 2 /I ratio can be reproduced in the presence of fast vertical mixing close to the surface, or using an extra chemical loss for I atoms with an unknown species. There is a lack of strong correlation between the I 2 /I and ultrafine particles, indicating that although they both have macroalgal sources, these were not at the same location. The model simulations also suggest that the source of the observed ultrafine particles is likely not very close to the measurement site, in order for the particles to form and grow, but the source for I and I 2 must be local. Finally, the effect of NO x levels on iodine oxides, and the conditions under which iodine particle bursts will be suppressed, are explored.

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Section: Ultra-fine Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concurrent observations of atomic iodine, molecular iodine and ultrafine particles in a coastal environment

et al. 2011

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“…In fact, it has been the lack of experimental techniques able to discriminate between different iodine oxides in the gas phase 14,15,18 that has hindered clear progress in understanding this gas-to-particle conversion mechanism. Instead, a number of studies have focused on inferring mechanistic information from the physical and chemical properties of IOPs using ultrafine condensation particle counters, nano-differential mobility analysers, transmission electron microscopy, and quantitative x-ray analysis, [19][20][21][22][23] and from the bulk properties 24,25 of the known stable solid phase iodine oxides (I 2 O 4 , I 2 O 5 , I 4 O 9 ). 26 Initially, the chemical composition of the particles was suggested to be I 2 O 4 , based on the observed lack of hygroscopic growth of IOPs.…”

Section: Io + Io + M (R3b)mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the mechanism of iodine oxide particle formation

Martı́n

Gálvez

Baeza‐Romero

et al. 2013

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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eprints@whiterose.ac.uk https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version -refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher's website. TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. 2 AbstractThe formation of atmospherically relevant iodine oxides I x O y (x = 1,...,3, y = 1,...,7) has been studied experimentally using time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with a soft ionisation source, complemented with ab initio electronic structure calculations of ionisation potentials and bond energies at a high level of theory presented in detail in the accompanying paper (Galvez, et al., 2013).

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“…Iodine dioxide radicals (OIO) are then produced as the dominant channel in the reaction between two IO radicals. OIO is thought to undergo its own self reaction to produce I 2 O 4 and to react with IO to produce I 2 O 3 , both of which, if not already stable nuclei themselves, react with ozone to produce I 2 O 5 and/or add further IO and OIO units to yield polymeric iodine oxides and ultimately newly nucleated aerosol particles (Burkholder et al, 2004;McFiggans et al, 2004;Pirjola et al, 2005;Kaltsoyannis and Plane, 2008). It is also probable that OIO co-condenses with other molecules such as H 2 SO 4 or low volatility organic compounds (Vuollekoski et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic studies of molecular iodine emitted into the gas phase by seaweed

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Time profiles of molecular iodine emissions from seven species of seaweed have been measured at high time resolution (7.5 s) by direct spectroscopic quantification of the gas phase I 2 using broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy. Substantial differences were found between species, both in the amounts of I 2 emitted when the plants were exposed to air and in the shapes of their emission time profiles. Two species of kelp, Laminaria digitata and Laminaria hyperborea, were found to be the most potent emitters, producing an intense burst of I 2 when first exposed to air. I 2 was also observed from Saccharina latissima and Ascophyllum nodosum but in lower amounts and with broader time profiles. I 2 mixing ratios from two Fucus species and Dictyopteris membranacea were at or below the detection limit of the present instrument (25 pptv). A further set of experiments investigated the time dependence of I 2 emissions and aerosol particle formation when fragments of L. digitata were exposed to desiccation in air, to ozone and to oligoguluronate stress factors. Particle formation occurred in all L. digitata stress experiments where ozone and light were present, subject to the I 2 mixing ratios being above certain threshold amounts. Moreover, the particle number concentrations closely tracked variations in the I 2 mixing ratios, confirming the results of previous studies that the condensable particle-forming gases derive from the photochemical oxidation of the plant's I 2 emissions. This work also supports the theory that particle nucleation in the coastal atmosphere occurs in "hot-spot" regions of locally elevated concentrations of condensable gases: the greatest atmospheric concentrations of I 2 and hence of condensable iodine oxides are likely to be above plants of the most efficiently emitting kelp species and localised in time to shortly after these seaweeds are uncovered by a receding tide.

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Laboratory studies of the homogeneous nucleation of iodine oxides

Cited by 154 publications

References 30 publications

Concurrent observations of atomic iodine, molecular iodine and ultrafine particles in a coastal environment

Concurrent observations of atomic iodine, molecular iodine and ultrafine particles in a coastal environment

On the mechanism of iodine oxide particle formation

Spectroscopic studies of molecular iodine emitted into the gas phase by seaweed

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