Laboratory Study of Anchor Ice Growth

Doering, John C.; Bekeris, L. E.; Morris, M. P.; Dow, Karen; Girling, W. C.

doi:10.1061/(asce)0887-381x(2001)15:1(60)

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…A few studies have used hydraulic characteristics, such as water depth, flow velocity (Carstens, 1970;Hiryama et al, 2002;Kerr et al, 2002) and stream gradient (Barnes, 1906;Gilfilian et al, 1973;Tesaker, 1994) to forecast spatial distribution of anchor ice formation. In recent years, scientists (Hirayama et al, 1997;Doering et al, 2001;Kerr et al, 2002;Qu and Doering, 2007) have also attempted to suggest potential linkages between the dimensionless Froude number and empirical data on distribution and growth pattern of anchor ice formation. Using dimensionless numbers would be ideal as they are easily transferred between stream systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anchor ice formation in streams: a field study

Stickler

Alfredsen

2009

Hydrological Processes

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Abstract:In northern steep streams anchor ice is commonly observed during winter, and plays a key role when considering in-stream conditions. The understanding, however, of the nature of anchor ice formation is less understood, in particular, under natural conditions. In the following, observations of anchor ice formation in three stream environments with different physical characteristics are presented. Results demonstrate that anchor ice not only form in riffle areas, but also in shallow and slow running stream sections. No linkage between spatial distribution of anchor ice and calculated dimensionless numbers (Froude and Reynolds number) was found. Furthermore, analyses on growth and density showed that anchor ice may be distinguished by two main types. (1) Type I: Lower density forming on top of substrata. (2) Type II: Higher density forming between the substrata filling interstitial spaces. Distribution of anchor ice Types I and II suggests a relation between intensity of turbulence expressed by the Reynolds number, growth pattern and density. As anchor ice has both physical and biological implications on in-stream environments, findings from the present study may be of particular interest to cold region freshwater stream management.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anchor ice formation in streams: a field study

Stickler

Alfredsen

2009

Hydrological Processes

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“…Anchor ice generally forms by the accretion of frazil ice crystals on the streambed (Beltaos et al ., 1993; Doering et al ., 2001; Kerr et al ., 2002; Stickler and Alfredsen, 2005) of shallow, fast flowing and turbulent river sections with large bed particles (Yamazaki et al ., 1996; Terada et al ., 1998). Thick anchor ice deposits on riffles create dams that often block drifting frazil ice pans and rafts, thereby forming a stationary ice front leading to the formation of a solid ice cover in the pool located immediately upstream from the anchor ice dam.…”

Section: Expected Distribution Of River Ice Types Along Sedimentary Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptual model of river ice types and dynamics along sedimentary links

Bergeron

Buffin‐Bélanger²,

Dubé³

2011

River Research & Apps

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This paper proposes a conceptual model relating the large-scale distribution of river ice types and dynamics to the longitudinal sequence of river forms and flows typically encountered along the sedimentary links of gravel-bed rivers. Sedimentary links are discrete river segments each characterized by a node of coarse sediment recruitment followed by a gradual downstream fining of substrate and an associated reduction of channel slope. Because these downstream changes in substrate and slope are associated with changes in channel morphology and hydraulics, they create a longitudinal sequence of river environments moving from steep, fast flowing and highly turbulent boulder bed channels at the head of links to meandering low-gradient sand channels with calm flows at the downstream end. We describe and show examples of how these spatial variations in the geomorphology and flow characteristics of gravel-bed rivers should interact with river ice processes to produce a predictable 'most probable' large-scale pattern of river ice types and dynamics.

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“…Ashton, ; Beltaos et al ., ). The development of anchor ice has been described in past studies and important related engineering problems have been identified (Parkinson, ; Daly, ; Kempema et al ., ; Hammar and Shen, ; Hirayama et al ., ; Terada et al ., ; Doering et al ., ; Kerr et al ., ; Richard and Morse, ). In addition, recent studies have described the development of Ice Dams (ID), icing and aufeis fields, and Suspended (or free‐spanning) Ice Covers (SIC; Tesaker, , ; Stickler and Alfredsen, ; Stickler et al ., ; Turcotte et al ., ), as well as their associated engineering problems (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryologic continuum of a steep watershed

2012

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Ice processes taking place in steep channels are sensitive to the thermal and hydrological regimes of upstream reaches and tributaries as well as to the local channel morphology. This work presents freezeup, mid‐winter, and breakup data from four channels of increasing order located in a cold temperate watershed during the winter 2010–2011. From headwater channels to the main drainage system, water temperature, ice coverage, and ice processes are reported and related to weather conditions and to channel characteristics. Headwater channels only formed ephemeral ice features, and their water temperature reached as much as 4 °C in mid‐winter. On the other hand, larger channels formed impressively large ice dams, some of them reaching 2 m in height. The development of a suspended ice cover partially insulated the channels; as a result, water temperatures remained above 0 °C even for air temperatures well below freezing. This work presents steep channels ice processes that have not been described in previous publications. The concept of a watershed cryologic continuum (WCC) is developed from the data collected at each channel order. This concept emphasizes the feedback loops that exist between morphology, hydrology, heat, and ice processes in a given watershed and can lead to a better understanding of ice processes taking place at any channel location within that watershed. The WCC can also contribute in improving our understanding of the impacts of climate change on the cryologic and thermal regimes of steep channels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Laboratory Study of Anchor Ice Growth

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Anchor ice formation in streams: a field study

Anchor ice formation in streams: a field study

Conceptual model of river ice types and dynamics along sedimentary links

Cryologic continuum of a steep watershed

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