“…Surfactants can effectively mobilize residual oil by reducing the interfacial tension (IFT) between the displacement fluid and crude oil in chemical-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) (Hirasaki et al, 2011;Kamal et al, 2017). Many groups have investigated the development of novel highperformance surfactants, such as biosurfactants (Ahmadi et al, 2014;Jia et al, 2017a;Pu et al, 2017), gemini surfactants (Kamal, 2016;Zhou et al, 2018), zwitterionic surfactants (Cao et al, 2016;Cui et al, 2012;Zheng et al, 2017), surface-active ionic liquids (Rodriguez-Escontrela et al, 2017;Zhou et al, 2016), and other novel surfactants (Karambeigi et al, 2015;Liyanage et al, 2015;Pal et al, 2016;Zhou et al, 2017a). Kamal summarized the unique properties of gemini surfactants in EOR, such as good water solubility, low critical micelle concentration, unusual aggregation behavior, interesting rheological properties, and high efficiency in reducing oil/water IFT (Kamal, 2016).…”