Laboratory Transmission of Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani by a Tardigrade (Parachela = Macrobiotidae)

Benoit, Thomas G.; Locke, Jennifer A.; Marks, James R.; Beasley, Clark W.

doi:10.2307/3496157

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…It was also shown that tardigrades, small animals related to arthropods, living on leaf surfaces, were contaminated with X. c. pv. armoraciae after contact with suspended bacteria or leaf spot lesions (Benoit et al 2000). Bacteria shed from these tardigrades caused leaf spot disease in radish plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colonization of Cauliflower Blossom (Brassica oleracea) by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, via Flies (Calliphora vomitoria) Can Result in Seed Infestation

Wolf¹,

Zouwen²

2010

Journal of Phytopathology

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Inoculation of cauliflower blossom with Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), by brush or pollination with blue bottle flies (Calliphora vomitoria) as a vector, can result in seed infestation. Two years of poly-tunnel experiments with fly inoculation of cauliflower has shown that in approximately 30% of seed batches of a breeding line, high densities of Xcc (>10 000 CFU ⁄ g) were found both before and after seed treatment with warm water. The presence of Xcc in seed derived from fly-inoculated plants was confirmed in a grow-out test. After brush-inoculation, on average 45% of seed batches were contaminated with high densities of Xcc before disinfection and 40% after seed disinfection. A grow-out test, however, did not confirm the presence of internally infected seed. In a 1-year trial, no seed infections were found in warm water-treated seed derived from cv. Opaal, an open pollinated cultivar. No indication of internal seed infection was found after blossom inoculation with X. c. pv. armoraciae (Xca). To obtain contaminated flies as a vector for Xcc, flies were fed on agar-grown bacteria. Initial populations of Xcc per fly were 10 5 CFU, but population densities decreased rapidly and survived for 5 days maximum. During the same period, populations of other bacteria associated with flies increased slightly. The implications of blossom infection and the role of pollinating insects in dissemination and transmission of Xcc are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colonization of Cauliflower Blossom (Brassica oleracea) by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, via Flies (Calliphora vomitoria) Can Result in Seed Infestation

Wolf¹,

Zouwen²

2010

Journal of Phytopathology

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“…raphani can be transported from the environment and transmitted to radish plants. This led to the hypothesis that, in nature, infections may be produced by bacterial cells shed from tardigrades (Benoit et al ., ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Benoit et al . () showed that M. hufelandi can be inoculated with Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani (Pammel, 1895), the causative agent of the leaf spot disease of brassicas.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecific relationships of tardigrades with bacteria, fungi and protozoans, with a focus on the phylogenetic position ofPyxidium tardigradum(Ciliophora)

et al. 2016

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Symbiosis can be defined as an interaction between individuals of different biological species. Despite the small number of studies solely devoted to symbiotic interactions between tardigrades and micro-organisms (such as bacteria, fungi and protozoans), numerous reports can be found in the literature, especially as notes in faunal and alpha-taxonomy studies. Here, we review the literature and compile a list of the interactions between tardigrades and micro-organisms, excluding those that constitute food for tardigrades. Furthermore, a genetic study on a tardigrade symbiophoront, the ciliate Pyxidium tardigradum van der Land, 1964 was performed. There are a few records of P. tardigradum on both European and Asian tardigrades, but no morphological discrepancies among populations have been observed. We present here the phylogenetic positioning for P. tardigradum inferred by using nuclear ribosomal markers (18S and 5.8S). The phylogenetic trees showed all P. tardigradum specimens grouped together, and belonging to the family Operculariidae, order Operculariida. Moreover, a study based on the genetic distances between a Portuguese and an Irish population of P. tardigradum was performed using internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2. The ITS1 and ITS2 sequences showed differences between populations, leading us to hypothesize the presence of cryptic species.

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“…This demonstrated that Mac. hufelandi can act as a vector of radish leaf spot disease (Benoit et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current research focuses on insect vectors (Ng and Falk 2006), but the work of Krantz et al and Benoit et al demonstrate that at least one tardigrade species (Mac. hufelandi) can spread bacterial disease in plants (Benoit et al 2000) and can act as reservoirs of plant pathogens (Krantz, Benoit, and Beasley 1999). Because Mac.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tardigrade community microbiomes in North American orchards include putative endosymbionts and plant pathogens

Tibbs‐Cortes

Tibbs-Cortes

Schmitz‐Esser

2022

Preprint

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The microbiome of tardigrades, a phylum of microscopic animals best known for their ability to survive extreme conditions, is poorly studied worldwide and completely unknown in North America. An improved understanding of tardigrade-associated bacteria is particularly important because tardigrades have been shown to act as vectors of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris in the laboratory. However, the potential role of tardigrades as reservoirs and vectors of phytopathogens has not been investigated further. This study analyzed the microbiota of tardigrades from six apple orchards in central Iowa, USA, and is the first analysis of the microbiota of North American tardigrades. It is also the first ever study of the tardigrade microbiome in an agricultural setting. We utilized 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to characterize the tardigrade community microbiome across four contrasts: location, substrate type (moss or lichen), collection year, and tardigrades versus their substrate. Alpha diversity of the tardigrade community microbiome differed significantly by location and year of collection but not by substrate type. Our work also corroborated earlier findings, demonstrating that tardigrades harbor a distinct microbiota from their environment. We also identified tardigrade-associated taxa that belong to genera known to contain phytopathogens (Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and the Pantoea/Erwinia complex). Finally, we observed members of the genera Rickettsia and Wolbachia in the tardigrade microbiome; because these are obligate intracellular genera, we consider these taxa to be putative endosymbionts of tardigrades. These results suggest the presence of putative endosymbionts and phytopathogens in the microbiota of wild tardigrades in North America.

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Laboratory Transmission of Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani by a Tardigrade (Parachela = Macrobiotidae)

Cited by 18 publications

References 1 publication

Colonization of Cauliflower Blossom (Brassica oleracea) by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, via Flies (Calliphora vomitoria) Can Result in Seed Infestation

Colonization of Cauliflower Blossom (Brassica oleracea) by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, via Flies (Calliphora vomitoria) Can Result in Seed Infestation

Interspecific relationships of tardigrades with bacteria, fungi and protozoans, with a focus on the phylogenetic position ofPyxidium tardigradum(Ciliophora)

Tardigrade community microbiomes in North American orchards include putative endosymbionts and plant pathogens

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