Labour Exploitation and Health: A Case Series of Men and Women Seeking Post-Trafficking Services

Turner-Moss, Eleanor; Zimmerman, Cathy; Howard, Louise M.; Oram, Siân

doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9832-6

Cited by 93 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…51 Of these, only 12 included forms of trafficking beyond sexual exploitation, and none of the latter targeted the child population. In many studies on human trafficking, researchers have included aggregate results for adults and children, 68 -70 boys and girls, 30 or individuals from multiple countries of origin. 71,72 Some researchers also combine victims of differing forms of trafficking.…”

Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…28 Of note, researchers in other studies have shown a predominance of boys in labor trafficking, suggesting that there may be regional differences among trafficking victims or a failure to recognize male victims in the United States. 29,30 Factors at the individual, family, community, and societal levels contribute to human trafficking vulnerability in the United States and around the globe (Table 2). Children and youth who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ); those who are American Indian girls; and boys and girls with a history of abuse or neglect, substance misuse, or homelessness may constitute a significant proportion of trafficked youth.…”

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Global Human Trafficking and Child Victimization

Greenbaum

Bodrick²,

Neglect³

2017

Pediatrics

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COMMITTEE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT, SECTION ON INTERNATIONAL CHILD HEALTHTrafficking of children for labor and sexual exploitation violates basic human rights and constitutes a major global public health problem. Pediatricians and other health care professionals may encounter victims who present with infections, injuries, posttraumatic stress disorder, suicidality, or a variety of other physical or behavioral health conditions. Preventing child trafficking, recognizing victimization, and intervening appropriately require a public health approach that incorporates rigorous research on the risk factors, health impact, and effective treatment options for child exploitation as well as implementation and evaluation of primary prevention programs. Health care professionals need training to recognize possible signs of exploitation and to intervene appropriately. They need to adopt a multidisciplinary, outward-focused approach to service provision, working with nonmedical professionals in the community to assist victims. Pediatricians also need to advocate for legislation and policies that promote child rights and victim services as well as those that address the social determinants of health, which influence the vulnerability to human trafficking. This policy statement outlines major issues regarding public policy, medical education, research, and collaboration in the area of child labor and sex trafficking and provides recommendations for future work. abstractA critical role of the pediatric health care professional is to advocate for the health and well-being of children and adolescents. Central to this role is the conviction that health and well-being depend on a guarantee of fundamental human rights. Victims* of trafficking routinely are deprived of *"Victim" is used here in its objective, legal sense as indicating a person who has been harmed as a result of some event or action or who has suffered because of someone else's actions. It does not refer to how the person may feel or perceive himself or herself as a result of the event(s) and is not intended to be used to label that person. 91

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Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Global Human Trafficking and Child Victimization

Greenbaum

Bodrick²,

Neglect³

2017

Pediatrics

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“…[3][4][5] High levels of physical and mental health problems have been reported among victims of human trafficking, including non-specific symptoms such as headache, back pain, stomach pain and dizziness, and mental disorders such as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. [6][7][8] However, little is known about the extent to which healthcare professionals come into contact with victims of trafficking, or about their knowledge and readiness to identify victims, to make appropriate referrals, and to provide clinical care.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human trafficking and health: a cross-sectional survey of NHS professionals’ contact with victims of human trafficking

et al. 2015

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Objectives(1) To estimate the proportion of National Health Service (NHS) professionals who have come into contact with trafficked people and (2) to measure NHS professionals’ knowledge and confidence to respond to human trafficking.DesignA cross-sectional survey.SettingFace-to-face mandatory child protection and/or vulnerable adults training sessions at 10 secondary healthcare provider organisations in England, and meetings of the UK College of Emergency Medicine.Participants782/892 (84.4%) NHS professionals participated, including from emergency medicine, maternity, mental health, paediatrics and other clinical disciplines.MeasuresSelf-completed questionnaire developed by an expert panel. Questionnaire asks about prior training and contact with potential victims of trafficking, perceived and actual human trafficking knowledge, confidence in responding to human trafficking, and interest in future human trafficking training.Results13% participants reported previous contact with a patient they knew or suspected of having been trafficked; among maternity services professionals this was 20.4%. However, 86.8% (n=679) reported lacking knowledge of what questions to ask to identify potential victims and 78.3% (n=613) reported that they had insufficient training to assist trafficked people. 71% (n=556), 67.5% (n=528) and 53.4% (n=418) lacked confidence in making appropriate referrals for men, women and children, respectively, who had been trafficked. 95.3% (n=746) of respondents were unaware of the scale of human trafficking in the UK, and 76.5% (n=598) were unaware that calling the police could put patients in more danger. Psychometric analysis showed that subscales measuring perceived knowledge, actual knowledge and confidence to respond to human trafficking demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's αs 0.93, 0.63 and 0.64, respectively) and internal correlations.ConclusionsNHS professionals working in secondary care are in contact with potential victims of human trafficking, but lack knowledge and confidence in how to respond appropriately. Training is needed, particularly for maternity staff, on how to identify and respond to victims’ needs, including through making safe referrals.

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“…The global number of trafficked persons at any time is estimated to be 2.5 million [2]. Trafficked women and men are commonly exposed to severe trauma characterised by physical and sexual violence and threats while trafficked [5-9], and among those trafficked for sexual exploitation there is a high risk of HIV infection [8,10-12]. Evidence on the nature of psychological disorders among survivors of human trafficking is, however, very limited [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for mental disorders in women survivors of human trafficking: a historical cohort study

et al. 2013

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BackgroundPrevious studies have found high levels of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder among women survivors of human trafficking. No previous research has described risk factors for diagnosed mental disorders in this population.MethodsA historical cohort study of women survivors of trafficked women aged 18 and over who returned to Moldova and registered for assistance with the International Organisation for Migration (IOM). Women were approached by IOM social workers and, if they gave informed consented to participate in the study, interviewed by the research team. At 2–12 months post-return to Moldova, a psychiatrist assessed DSM-IV mental disorders blind to information about women’s pre-trafficking and post-trafficking experiences using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). A backwards stepwise selection procedure was used to create a multivariable regression model of risk factors for DSM-IV mental disorder measured at an average of 6 months post-return.Results120/176 (68%) eligible women participated. At an average of 6 months post-return, 54% met criteria for any DSM-IV mental disorder: 35.8% of women had PTSD (alone or co-morbid), 12.5% had depression without PTSD and 5.8% had another anxiety disorder. Multivariable regression analysis found that childhood sexual abuse (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 4.68, 95% CI 1.04-20.92), increased number of post-trafficking unmet needs (AOR 1.80; 95% CI 1.28-2.52) and post-trafficking social support (AOR 0.64; 95% CI 0.52-0.79) were independent risk factors for mental disorder, and that duration of trafficking showed a borderline association with mental disorder (AOR 1.12, 95% CI 0.98-1.29).ConclusionsAssessment for mental disorders should be part of re-integration follow-up care for women survivors of human trafficking. Mental disorders at that time, most commonly PTSD and depression, are likely to be influenced by a range of predisposing, precipitating and maintaining factors. Care plans for survivors of trafficking must be based on individual needs, and must apply clinical guidelines for the treatment of PTSD and of depression. Evidence is needed on the effectiveness of therapy for PTSD in survivors of human trafficking.

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Labour Exploitation and Health: A Case Series of Men and Women Seeking Post-Trafficking Services

Cited by 93 publications

References 19 publications

Global Human Trafficking and Child Victimization

Global Human Trafficking and Child Victimization

Human trafficking and health: a cross-sectional survey of NHS professionals’ contact with victims of human trafficking

Risk factors for mental disorders in women survivors of human trafficking: a historical cohort study

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