Lactate Detection in Tumor Cell Cultures Using Organic Transistor Circuits

Braendlein, Marcel; Pappa, Anna‐Maria; Ferro, Marc; Lopresti, Alexia; Acquaviva, Claire; Mamessier, Émilie; Malliaras, George G.; Owens, Róisı́n M.

doi:10.1002/adma.201605744

Cited by 139 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…6 and 7 experienced large Stokes shifts indicating that the excited-state molecules display a more planar conformation or a more pronounced charge-transfer state before emission. Bulk heterojunction inverted photovoltaics with the configuration of ITO/Ca/BODIPY dyes: [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methylester (PC 71 BM) (1 : 3, w/w)/MoO 3 /Ag were fabricated by spin-casting the active layer from chloroform solution. Different concentrations of the dyes were applied for the active layer; the resulting varied film thickness was found to play an important role in determining the electrical characteristics of the device.…”

Section: Semiconductors With a Central Bodipy π-Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1] This breakthrough in 1970s has clearly revealed that organic compounds could transport electric current by proper molecular design and controlled doping, and, as a result, organic (semi)conductors have become the key components in organic (opto)electronic devices, especially in organic thin-films transistors (OTFTs) and organic photovoltaics (OPVs). [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Thanks to the advancements in the past four decades in the design and development of organic semiconductors, OTFTs have emerged as an alternative technology to conventional transistors for cost-effective, large-area, printable, and flexible electronics, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] and OPVs have emerged as a viable source of low-cost renewable energy with zero carbonemission in everyday life. OPVs are also envisioned to address numerous environmental issues mainly caused by fossil fuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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BODIPY‐Based Semiconducting Materials for Organic Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaics and Thin‐Film Transistors

et al. 2018

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The rapid emergence of organic (opto)electronics as a promising alternative to conventional (opto)electronics has been achieved through the design and development of novel π‐conjugated systems. Among various semiconducting structural platforms, 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) π‐systems have recently attracted attention for use in organic thin‐films transistors (OTFTs) and organic photovoltaics (OPVs). This Review article provides an overview of the developments in the past 10 years on the structural design and synthesis of BODIPY‐based organic semiconductors and their application in OTFT/OPV devices. The findings summarized and discussed here include the most recent breakthroughs in BODIPYs with record‐high charge carrier mobilities and power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). The most up‐to‐date design rationales and discussions providing a strong understanding of structure‐property‐function relationships in BODIPY‐based semiconductors are presented. Thus, this review is expected to inspire new research for future materials developments/applications in this family of molecules.

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Section: Semiconductors With a Central Bodipy π-Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BODIPY‐Based Semiconducting Materials for Organic Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaics and Thin‐Film Transistors

et al. 2018

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“…Although metabolite detection has extended to low mM concentrations, there is usually undesirable electrochemical interference from endogenous electroactive components in the electrolyte (i.e., cell culture media, bio‐fluids, and so on) thus hindering its practical implementation to some extent. One solution has been to design reference sensors alongside the metabolite sensor to subtract the real baseline (Braendlein et al, ) complicating the design of the sensor. Therefore, developing methods that do not rely solely on the electrical readout of the device while still benefiting from the CP properties and its mixed conductivity, can open new directions in molecular sensing in terms of specificity and sensitivity as well as provide straightforward paths toward their real‐world implementation (A.‐M.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A highly sensitive molecular structural probe applied to in situ biosensing of metabolites using PEDOT:PSS

Pappa²,

Pitsalidis³

et al. 2019

Biotech & Bioengineering

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A large amount of research within organic biosensors is dominated by organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) that use conducting polymers such as poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). Despite the recent advances in OECT‐based biosensors, the sensing is solely reliant on the amperometric detection of the bioanalytes. This is typically accompanied by large undesirable parasitic electrical signals from the electroactive components in the electrolyte. Herein, we present the use of in situ resonance Raman spectroscopy to probe subtle molecular structural changes of PEDOT:PSS associated with its doping level. We demonstrate how such doping level changes of PEDOT:PSS can be used, for the first time, on operational OECTs for sensitive and selective metabolite sensing while simultaneously performing amperometric detection of the analyte. We test the sensitivity by molecularly sensing a lowest glucose concentration of 0.02 mM in phosphate‐buffered saline solution. By changing the electrolyte to cell culture media, the selectivity of in situ resonance Raman spectroscopy is emphasized as it remains unaffected by other electroactive components in the electrolyte. The application of this molecular structural probe highlights the importance of developing biosensing probes that benefit from high sensitivity of the material's structural and electrical properties while being complimentary with the electronic methods of detection.

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“…OECT technology is also compatible with brightfield and fluorescence high-resolution microscopy as the PEDOT:PSS active layer is optically transparent 35 . Notably, the OECT has also been demonstrated for highly sensitive and specific metabolite sensing from complex media, through biofunctionalization of the gate electrode 26,30,[36][37][38] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic transistor platform with integrated microfluidics for in-line multi-parametric in vitro cell monitoring

et al. 2017

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Future drug discovery and toxicology testing could benefit significantly from more predictive and multi-parametric readouts from in vitro models. Despite the recent advances in the field of microfluidics, and more recently organ-on-a-chip technology, there is still a high demand for real-time monitoring systems that can be readily embedded with microfluidics. In addition, multi-parametric monitoring is essential to improve the predictive quality of the data used to inform clinical studies that follow. Here we present a microfluidic platform integrated with in-line electronic sensors based on the organic electrochemical transistor. Our goals are twofold, first to generate a platform to host cells in a more physiologically relevant environment (using physiologically relevant fluid shear stress (FSS)) and second to show efficient integration of multiple different methods for assessing cell morphology, differentiation, and integrity. These include optical imaging, impedance monitoring, metabolite sensing, and a wound-healing assay. We illustrate the versatility of this multi-parametric monitoring in giving us increased confidence to validate the improved differentiation of cells toward a physiological profile under FSS, thus yielding more accurate data when used to assess the effect of drugs or toxins. Overall, this platform will enable high-content screening for in vitro drug discovery and toxicology testing and bridges the existing gap in the integration of in-line sensors in microfluidic devices.

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Lactate Detection in Tumor Cell Cultures Using Organic Transistor Circuits

Cited by 139 publications

References 34 publications

BODIPY‐Based Semiconducting Materials for Organic Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaics and Thin‐Film Transistors

BODIPY‐Based Semiconducting Materials for Organic Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaics and Thin‐Film Transistors

A highly sensitive molecular structural probe applied to in situ biosensing of metabolites using PEDOT:PSS

Organic transistor platform with integrated microfluidics for in-line multi-parametric in vitro cell monitoring

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