Lactation and Maternal Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-based Study

Schwarz, Eleanor Bimla; Brown, Jeanette S.; Creasman, Jennifer M.; Stuebe, Alison M.; McClure, Candace K.; Eeden, Stephen K. Van Den; Thom, David H.

doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.03.016

Cited by 151 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Aggressive intervention should be offered to those women who test positive on post partum testing, and early pharmacotherapy with insulin-sensitizing agents may be appropriate. Women with NGT post partum who are identified as high risk based on ethnicity, gestational insulin use, obesity or positive family history should also be encouraged to breast-feed, as large population-based studies have shown that the beneficial metabolic effects of lactation may persist for years after weaning (19). Our study supports a growing body of evidence that lactation may improve post partum glucose tolerance after GDM.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Atlantic DIP: high prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance post partum is reduced by breast-feeding in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus

O’Reilly

Avalos

Dennedy

et al. 2011

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: Gestational diabetes (GDM) is associated with adverse fetal and maternal outcomes, and identifies women at risk of future type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Breast-feeding may improve post partum maternal glucose tolerance. Our objective was to identify the prevalence of post partum dysglycemia after GDM, to delineate associated factors and to examine the effect of lactation on post partum glucose tolerance. Design: We compared post partum 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results from 300 women with GDM and 220 controls with normal gestational glucose tolerance (NGT) in five regional centers. Breast-feeding data was collected at time of OGTT. Methods: Post partum OGTT results were classified as normal (fasting plasma glucose (FPG) !5.6 mmol/l, 2 h !7.8 mmol/l) and abnormal (impaired fasting glucose (IFG), FPG 5.6-6.9 mmol/l; impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 2 h glucose 7.8-11 mmol/l; IFGCIGT; T2DM, FPG R7 mmol/lG2 h glucose R11.1 mmol/l). Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors predictive of persistent hyperglycemia. Results: Five hundred and twenty women were tested; six (2.7%) with NGT in pregnancy had post partum dysglycemia compared with 57 (19%) with GDM in index pregnancy (P!0.001). NonEuropean ethnicity (odds ratio (OR) 3.40; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45-8.02, PZ0.005), family history of T2DM (OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.06-4.32, PZ0.034), and gestational insulin use (OR 2.62; 95% CI 1.17-5.87, PZ0.019) were associated with persistent dysglycemia. The prevalence of persistent hyperglycemia was significantly lower in women who breast-fed vs bottle-fed post partum (8.2 vs 18.4%, P!0.001). Conclusions: Non-European ethnicity, gestational insulin use, family history of T2DM, and elevated body mass index were associated with persistent dysglycemia after GDM. Breast-feeding may confer beneficial metabolic effects after GDM and should be encouraged. European Journal of Endocrinology 165 953-959

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Atlantic DIP: high prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance post partum is reduced by breast-feeding in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus

O’Reilly

Avalos

Dennedy

et al. 2011

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…70 In mothers without a history of gestational diabetes, breastfeeding duration was associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus; for each year of breastfeeding, there was a decreased risk of 4% to 12%. 71,72 No beneficial effect for breastfeeding was noted in mothers who were diagnosed with gestational diabetes.…”

Section: Maternal Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk

Eidelman¹,

Schanler²,

Johnston³

et al. 2012

Pediatrics

3,897

1,367

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Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition. Given the documented short- and long-term medical and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding, infant nutrition should be considered a public health issue and not only a lifestyle choice. The American Academy of Pediatrics reaffirms its recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding for about 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding as complementary foods are introduced, with continuation of breastfeeding for 1 year or longer as mutually desired by mother and infant. Medical contraindications to breastfeeding are rare. Infant growth should be monitored with the World Health Organization (WHO) Growth Curve Standards to avoid mislabeling infants as underweight or failing to thrive. Hospital routines to encourage and support the initiation and sustaining of exclusive breastfeeding should be based on the American Academy of Pediatrics-endorsed WHO/UNICEF “Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding.” National strategies supported by the US Surgeon General’s Call to Action, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and The Joint Commission are involved to facilitate breastfeeding practices in US hospitals and communities. Pediatricians play a critical role in their practices and communities as advocates of breastfeeding and thus should be knowledgeable about the health risks of not breastfeeding, the economic benefits to society of breastfeeding, and the techniques for managing and supporting the breastfeeding dyad. The “Business Case for Breastfeeding” details how mothers can maintain lactation in the workplace and the benefits to employers who facilitate this practice.

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“…Meyer et al (52) showed in their study of 167 adolescents that breastfeeding is a protective factor against type II diabetes in adolescents. In some studies linking breastfeeding with reduced risk of type II diabetes has been emphasized (53,54 (56) have also shown that breastfeeding protects mother from hypertension; however other studies did not report such an association (11, 57). Stuebe et al (58) found that the risk of developing type II diabetes in mothers who tend to breastfeed their babies less than a month is more than mothers who do not.…”

Section: Examining the Relationship Between Breastfeeding And Incidenmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Importance of Breastfeeding

et al. 2014

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Context:According to some studies, the tendency of mothers to breastfeed has declined in recent years. Due to numerous benefits of breastfeeding which had been reported, this problem may put children's health and overall health of society at risk. In this study, we reviewed previous studies, emphasizing importance and necessity and enumerating benefits of breast-feeding. Evidence Acquisition: Databases including Science Direct, Biomed, Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, SID, and magazines related to the topic were searched using keywords. Articles that examined various aspects of breastfeeding were analyzed as well. Results: The most perfect food for babies during the first two years of their lives is breast milk. It has so many health benefits for both mother and baby. Breastfeeding was studied from various aspects. There was significant correlation between the examined factors in vast majority of papers. However, some factors that researchers considered important did not give definitive results; therefore more extensive research is needed in this area. Conclusions: Breast milk is the most perfect food for babies during the first two years and no replacement is recommended during this time. Breastfeeding has so many health benefits for both mother and baby during the breastfeeding period as well as in the future. Keywords: Breastfeeding; Nutrition; PediatricsImplication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Decreased tendency of mothers to breastfeed in recent years may put children's health and overall society health at risk. In this study, we reviewed previous studies to emphasize importance, necessity and enumerate benefits of breast-feeding.

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Lactation and Maternal Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-based Study

Abstract: BACKGROUND-Lactation has been associated with improvements in maternal glucose metabolism.

Cited by 151 publications

References 25 publications

Atlantic DIP: high prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance post partum is reduced by breast-feeding in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus

Atlantic DIP: high prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance post partum is reduced by breast-feeding in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus

Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk

An Overview of Importance of Breastfeeding

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