“…Notably, it has been documented that food loss and waste account for approximately one-third, equivalent to approximately 1.3 billion tons, of global food production. 1,2 On a global scale, an annual production of about 1.9 billion tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) is reported, with FW contributing significantly, comprising 50−60% of this total. 3,4 Furthermore, China implemented a mandatory domestic waste classification policy in 2017, segregating municipal solid waste into dry and wet categories with the latter predominantly composed of perishable waste, including FW, resulting in a substantial upsurge in FW generation.…”