Lactic Acid

Chahal, Surinder P.

doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_097

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In this study, reaction solutions were prepared at pH=4 and were measured to decrease to pH≈3 after precipitation. Furthermore, the boiling point of lactic acid has been reported to be in the range of 100°–140°C (7–27 kPa) 76,77 . Thus, these observations suggest that increased temperature led to decomposition and decreased concentration of the calcium carboxylate chelate, decreased pH, and increased free calcium concentration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Effects on Hydroxyapatite Whiskers Synthesized by the Chelate Decomposition Method

Roeder

Converse

Leng

et al. 2006

Journal of the American Ceramic Society

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Hydroxyapatite (HA) whiskers have been synthesized using a number of chemical solution methods, including the chelate decomposition method. Numerous previous studies have investigated the effects of the reagents, reagent concentrations, solution pH, and reaction temperature on HA whisker morphology and composition. However, purely kinetic effects, such as the reaction heating and stirring rates, have not been rigorously investigated and are rarely reported in the literature. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate kinetic effects on the morphology of HA whiskers synthesized using the chelate decomposition method. In order to study the kinetic effects on the morphology of HA whiskers, three experimental parameters were varied independently: the reaction heating rate (0.36°–3.0°C/min), stirring rate (0–250 rpm), and temperature (80°–200°C). At all heating and stirring rates, precipitated whiskers were confirmed by XRD and FT‐IR to comprise phase‐pure, calcium‐deficient HA (Ca/P=1.57–1.62). The length and aspect ratio of HA whiskers increased with decreased heating rate, decreased stirring rate, and increased reaction temperature. The mean length and aspect ratio of HA whiskers increased approximately twofold with decreased heating rate over the range studied, following a power‐law relationship. Therefore, the reaction heating rate is a key variable that can be used to tailor the morphology of HA whiskers and ought to be reported in the literature. The reaction heating rate and temperature had relatively little effect on the width of HA whiskers. However, the precipitate morphology was altered significantly from micro‐scale whiskers to nano‐scale plates with increased stirring rate. These results offered new insights and provided clarification regarding the reaction mechanism, which is discussed in detail.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Effects on Hydroxyapatite Whiskers Synthesized by the Chelate Decomposition Method

Roeder

Converse

Leng

et al. 2006

Journal of the American Ceramic Society

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“…Quantitative analysis of monomeric lactic acid in the vapor phase was also carried out by titration with sodium hydroxide, using phenolphthalein as the indicator. This method is only accurate for very weak lactic acid solutions …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vapor Liquid Equilibria of the Mixtures Involved in the Esterification of Lactic Acid with Methanol

et al. 2003

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Isobaric vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) data of the reactive quaternary system methanol (1) + water (2) + methyl lactate (3) + lactic acid (4) are presented in this paper. The experimental data were correlated using the UNIQUAC model to describe the chemical and phase equilibrium. The UNIQUAC parameters for some of the binary, nonreactive systems involved in the quaternary mixture were obtained from published VLE data and, in the case of the system water + lactic acid, from experimental VLE data reported in this paper. The rest of the binary UNIQUAC parameters were obtained by an optimization of the correlation of the experimental quaternary VLE data. The results obtained from the correlation were found to be in good agreement with experimental data. The reaction equilibrium constant was also calculated for each experimental data point. A three-dimensional phase diagram was constructed for the quaternary reactive system by using transformed composition variables. No reactive azeotrope was found.

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“…These processes may be performed by reactive distillation. The conversion of lactic acid into methyl lactate is also of industrial interest because the lactic ester can be used as a solvent for varnishes …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isothermal Vapor−Liquid Equilibrium, Excess Enthalpy Data, and Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution for the Binary System Water + Methyl Lactate

Sanz

Gmehling

2004

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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Isothermal vapor-liquid equilibrium at (283.15, 293.15, and 303.15) K and excess enthalpy data at (303.15 and 323.15) K have been measured for the binary reactive system water + methyl lactate. In addition, activity coefficients at infinite dilution have been determined in the temperature range of (303.15 to 333.15) K. Whereas a computer-operated static apparatus was used to obtain the isothermal P-x data, the excess enthalpies were measured by means of a commercial isothermal flow calorimeter, and the infinite dilution activity coefficient measurements were carried out using the dilutor technique. The experimental VLE, H E , and γ i ∞ data were correlated simultaneously by using quadratic temperaturedependent UNIQUAC parameters.

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Lactic Acid

Cited by 15 publications

References 22 publications

Kinetic Effects on Hydroxyapatite Whiskers Synthesized by the Chelate Decomposition Method

Kinetic Effects on Hydroxyapatite Whiskers Synthesized by the Chelate Decomposition Method

Vapor Liquid Equilibria of the Mixtures Involved in the Esterification of Lactic Acid with Methanol

Isothermal Vapor−Liquid Equilibrium, Excess Enthalpy Data, and Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution for the Binary System Water + Methyl Lactate

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