Lactulose production from lactose isomerization by chemo-catalysts and enzymes: Current status and future perspectives

Wang, Mingming; Wang, Lu; Lyu, Xiaomei; Xiao, Hua; Goddard, Julie M.; Yang, Ruijin

doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108021

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 197 publications

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“…Lactu has been registered in over 100 countries as a medicinal drug and is on the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines, a database of the most important medications required in a basic health system. 51,52 The yields of Lactu obtained by isomerization of Lac were similar to the ones reached for isomerization of Glc into Fru. Lactu yields in the range of 24−31% in the presence of NaOH, 53 Ca(OH) 2 , 54 Na 2 CO 3 , 55 (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , 56 eggshell, 57 Na 2 HPO 4 + NaOH, 58 Mg−Al hydrotalcite, 59 lignocellulosic-waste derived basic solids, 60 and zeolites in sodium form 61 were reported.…”

Section: Base-catalyzed Interconversions Of Saccharidessupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Isomerization of lactose (Lac, also referred to as 4-O-β- d -galactospyranosyl- d -glucose) into lactulose (Lactu, also referred to as 4-O-β- d -galactopyranosyl- d -fructose) has received considerable attention in recent years due to its increasing commercial value in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food industries (Figure ). Lactu has been registered in over 100 countries as a medicinal drug and is on the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines, a database of the most important medications required in a basic health system. , The yields of Lactu obtained by isomerization of Lac were similar to the ones reached for isomerization of Glc into Fru. Lactu yields in the range of 24–31% in the presence of NaOH, Ca(OH) 2 , Na 2 CO 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , eggshell, Na 2 HPO 4 + NaOH, Mg–Al hydrotalcite, lignocellulosic-waste derived basic solids, and zeolites in sodium form were reported.…”

Section: Base-catalyzed Interconversions Of Saccharidesmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In the presence of bases, coformation of Gal, Glc, and Tag owing to hydrolysis accounting for up to 10% disaccharide was reported. 51,61 Epimerization of Lac gives rise to coproduction of epilactose, also referred to as 4-O-β-D-galactosyl-D-mannose, as a minor product in yields not exceeding 2%. 51 Isomerization of pentoses (Figure 4) presents interconversions of six saccharides: four aldoses, ribose (Rib), arabinose (Ara), xylose (Xyl), and lyxose (Lyx), and two ketoses: ribulose (Ribu) and xylulose (Xylu).…”

Section: Base-catalyzed Interconversions Of Saccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…51,61 Epimerization of Lac gives rise to coproduction of epilactose, also referred to as 4-O-β-D-galactosyl-D-mannose, as a minor product in yields not exceeding 2%. 51 Isomerization of pentoses (Figure 4) presents interconversions of six saccharides: four aldoses, ribose (Rib), arabinose (Ara), xylose (Xyl), and lyxose (Lyx), and two ketoses: ribulose (Ribu) and xylulose (Xylu). Ribu and Xylu are in demand as chiral substrates for synthesis of pharmaceuticals.…”

Section: Base-catalyzed Interconversions Of Saccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward Understanding Base-Catalyzed Isomerization of Saccharides

Delidovich

2023

ACS Catal.

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This Perspective addresses recent advances in isomerization of aldoses into ketoses catalyzed by bases. In recent years, catalytic activity of a number of bases was reported, but the structure–performance correlations are typically missing or remain poorly understood. In this Perspective, the reaction mechanism and kinetics of the base-catalyzed isomerization are discussed. An overview of products obtained via base-catalyzed transformations of d-glucose (Glc), d-lactose (Lac), d-galactose (Gal), and aldopentoses d-ribose (Rib), d-arabinose (Ara), d-xylose (Xyl), and d-lyxose (Lyx) is provided. Side reactions that occur under base conditions are summarized. Catalysis by soluble metal hydroxides and general bases is considered. Moreover, structure–selectivity relationships observed for soluble bases as well as methods for stabilization of ketoses via complexation are discussed. Influences of organic (co-)solvents on reaction kinetics and acceleration of the reaction rate in aqueous phase in the presence of soluble salts–also referred to as salt effect–are addressed. Next, solid bases applied as catalysts for isomerization are considered with a focus on contributions of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis into the isomerization processes. The applicability of a filtration test and a contact test as tools to estimate impact of leached species onto catalysis is critically discussed.

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Section: Base-catalyzed Interconversions Of Saccharidessupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Base-catalyzed Interconversions Of Saccharidesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Base-catalyzed Interconversions Of Saccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Base-catalyzed Interconversions Of Saccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward Understanding Base-Catalyzed Isomerization of Saccharides

Delidovich

2023

ACS Catal.

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“…Lactulose is a disaccharide synthesized from galactose and fructose, which does not exist in nature [ 35 ], and which has received increasing attention for its significant health-promoting effects [ 36 ]. Lactulose can be broken down and utilized by beneficial bacteria in the colon, and is widely added to processed foods as a probiotic [ 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Immobilization of Lactase and Glucose Isomerase on the Novel g-C3N4/CF Composite Carrier for Lactulose Production

et al. 2022

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The g-C3N4/CF composite carrier was prepared by ultrasound-assisted maceration and high-temperature calcination. The enzyme immobilization using the g-C3N4/CF as the novel carrier to immobilize lactase and glucose isomerase was enhanced for lactulose production. The carbon fiber (CF) was mixed with melamine powder in the mass ratio of 1:8. The g-C3N4/CF composite carrier was obtained by calcination at 550 °C for 3 h. After the analysis of characteristics, the g-C3N4/CF was successfully composited with the carbon nitride and CF, displaying the improvement of co-immobilization efficiency with the positive effects on the stability of the enzyme. The immobilization efficiency of the co-immobilized enzyme was 37% by the novel carrier of g-C3N4/CF, with the enzyme activity of 13.89 U g−1 at 60 °C. The relative activities of co-immobilized enzymes maintained much more steadily at the wider pH and higher temperature than those of the free dual enzymes, respectively. In the multi-batches of lactulose production, the relative conversion rates in enzymes co-immobilized by the composite carrier were higher than that of the free enzymes during the first four batches, as well as maintaining about a 90% relative conversation rate after the sixth batch. This study provides a novel method for the application of g-C3N4/CF in the field of immobilizing enzymes for the production of lactulose.

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Safety and quality evaluations of liquid milk and infant formula products in China in 2022

Meng

Zheng

Gao

et al. 2023

Animal Research and One Health

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Milk serves two nutritional functions: it provides nutrition while also maintaining a healthy intestinal microenvironment. Thus, the safety and quality of milk products are critical for consumers' health. To evaluate liquid milk and infant formula products in China, we analyzed nine indices of 294 batches of pasteurized milk (PM), 92 batches of ultra‐high temperature milk (UHT), and 20 batches of infant formula milk powder (IF) collected from 21 provinces in 2022. All PM, UHT, and IF samples were satisfactory concerning aflatoxin M1 contamination, contamination by heavy metals, and residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides. The contents of lactoferrin, α‐lactalbumin, β‐lactoglobulin, furosine, and lactulose in the majority of samples met the group standards. Moreover, the contents of lactoferrin, α‐lactalbumin, and β‐lactoglobulin were higher in PM than in UHT, while furosine and lactulose contents showed the opposite trend. The findings concerning the safety and quality of milk products in China provide important insights to aid consumer preferences for milk products.

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Lactulose production from lactose isomerization by chemo-catalysts and enzymes: Current status and future perspectives

Cited by 22 publications

References 197 publications

Toward Understanding Base-Catalyzed Isomerization of Saccharides

Toward Understanding Base-Catalyzed Isomerization of Saccharides

Co-Immobilization of Lactase and Glucose Isomerase on the Novel g-C3N4/CF Composite Carrier for Lactulose Production

Safety and quality evaluations of liquid milk and infant formula products in China in 2022

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