Lacustrine sedimentary responses to earthquakes—soft-sediment deformation structures since late Pleistocene: A review of current understanding

Le, Guo; He, Zhi‐Guo; Li, Linlin

doi:10.1016/j.eqrea.2022.100158

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Flint's Law requires a uniform uplift rate ( U) in the forward model. Here, an averaged U value of 0.49 mm/a (Anton et al, 2015; Gu et al, 2017) was derived from the uplift rate of the Hancheng fault and used in Equation () to model longitudinal profile evolution. The incision history of the selected eight tributaries (from north to south) is plotted against time in Figure 6.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quaternary evolution of the Jinshan Gorge and Yellow River: Insight from numerical modelling and terrace correlation

Liu,

Wang,

Zhang

2024

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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The evolution of the Jinshan Gorge in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in China has long been a topic of debate. Previous studies have primarily focused on the connection between the Sanmen Gorge and Jinshan Gorge, attributing this connection to the Yellow River's carving through the pre‐Cenozoic bedrock areas of the Sanmen Basin. However, the patterns of knickpoint propagation along the river, influenced by tectonic upheaval and base‐level changes, have yet to be explored, despite their potential to understand fluvial system and canyon evolution. In this study, we address this issue by employing forward and inverse numerical modelling of longitudinal profiles of the Jinshan Gorge of the Yellow River and its tributaries and correlating the river terraces in this reach. We investigated 18 terrace profiles to explore their formation processes. The results demonstrated that the steepness index (Ksn) values and the incision rates of tributaries increase downstream, aligning with the relationship between knickpoint elevation and proximity to the Hancheng Fault. The knickpoint propagation appears to be related to the tectonic activities of the Hancheng Fault before 130 ka and then was influenced by climatic change, resulting in the development of five‐stage knickpoints (named Kp1, Kp2, Kp3, Kp4 and Kp5 from old to young) that correlate with the formation of terraces in the downstream area. We calculated the formation ages of Kps 1–4 to be 1.59 ± 0.06, 0.94 ± 0.11, 0.57 ± 0.31 and 0.22 ± 0.14 Ma, respectively. Kps 1, 2 and 4 correspond to the formation of the Yellow River terraces with the ages of 1.24, 1.12 and 0.24 Ma, which were reported previously. The formation of the oldest knickpoint can be correlated to the establishment of the modern course of the Yellow River in this region, which is deduced to be ~1.59 Ma.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quaternary evolution of the Jinshan Gorge and Yellow River: Insight from numerical modelling and terrace correlation

Liu,

Wang,

Zhang

2024

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…We interpret the soft sediment deformation structures in the Jurassic succession of Spiti Himalaya as seismite. The seismicity favours capturing lateral continuity of the deformation structures over several hundred metres, vertical repetition, and change of facies assemblages from F.A-I to II (Owen et al 2011;Moretti and Ronchi, 2011;Sarkar et al 2014;He et al 2014;Chen et al 2020;Guo et al 2023).…”

Section: B2 Argument Of Seismic Vs Aseismic Originmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SSDS in the studied sediment sequence provide the intensity of palaeo-earthquake as well (Allen, 1986;Rodríguez-Pascua et al 2000). Some authors stated that intensity of an earthquake greater than 5 (M≥5) can produce liquefaction and fluidization (Atkinson, 1984;Audemard and De Santis, 1991;Galli, 2000;Wheeler, 2002;Zhong, 2017;Zhong et al 2022;Guo et al 2023). The computer modelling suggests M≈5 produce liquefaction feature within 4 km radius of the earthquake epicentre (Atkinson, 1984), but a few studied debates on M≈4.5, M≈5.5, and M≈7 for liquefaction and fluidization structures depending on the grain size (Marco and Agnon, 1995;Ambraseys, 1988;Obermeier, 1996).…”

Section: C Relationship Of the Seismicity And Ssds: Magnitude Of Eart...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On this controversy, recent studies have put forth the proposition that the seismic activity can lead to changes in facies and facies associations (Owen et al 2011; Moretti and Ronchi, 2011; Sarkar et al 2014; Guo et al . 2023). Highlighting the importance of comprehending the deformation mechanisms and driving forces involved, a number of studies have documented the change in facies and facies association at onset of seismite, such as fluvial to lacustrine (Moretti and Ronchi, 2011), shallow to deep marine (Sarkar et al 2014) and marine to lacustrine (Chen et al 2020; Laborde-Casadaban et al 2021; Yu et al 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Linking the impact of seismicity on palaeogeographic evolution and sedimentary architecture: A case study from Middle Jurassic succession of Spiti Himalaya

Mandal,

Singh,

Banerjee

et al. 2023

Geol. Mag.

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The traces left by earthquakes in the unlithified sediments, recorded as soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS), are well reconstructed as palaeo-seismic signals, while the origin of SSDS, seismic vs. Aseismic, is challenging. The present study discusses the origin of SSDS and its implications on palaeoceanography and sediment architecture. In the Middle Jurassic succession of Spiti Himalayan region in India, the topmost part of the Ferruginous Oolitic Formation (FOF) consists of four layers of SSDS and is underlain by the lower member of the Spiti Formation (SF). The sedimentary facies analysis documents the palaeogeographic shift from the middle shelf (carbonate-shale repository: FOF) to the outer shelf (black shale: lower member of SF). The SSDS layers, exhibiting load casts, ball and pillow structures, indicate gravitational instability, while syn-sedimentary faults and insitu breccia are the results of brittle deformation. The dominance of storms in depositional sites often argues for a possible triggering agent for SSDS. Therefore, it was necessary to distinguish between seismic vs. aseismic triggering agents. The lateral continuity, vertical repetition, confinement of SSDS at the top part of FOF and sharp change of facies assemblage indicate seismicity-induced syn-sediment deformation, i.e. seismite. The transition from middle shelf to outer shelf at the onset of seismite indicates that seismic impact possibly caused the rapid subsidence, resulting in the palaeogeographic shift. The rapid transgression is recorded as carbonate-shale repository to anoxic black shale. This study highlights the importance of sedimentological analysis to distinguish the seismite and its implications on palaeogeographic evolution and sedimentary architecture.

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Anatomy of modern sedimentary volcanoes produced by gas‐charged groundwater liquefaction, Lake Powell, Hite, Utah: Implications for the recognition and interpretation of ancient sedimentary volcanoes

Wizevich,

Simpson,

Underwood

et al. 2024

The Depositional Record

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Numerous sedimentary volcanoes, recently exposed on the Colorado River delta surface at Lake Powell near Hite, Utah, were generated by sediment slurries propelled by gas, mainly microbially generated methane (CH4). Two sedimentary volcanoes were excavated, one in 2016 and the other in 2019, in order to characterise the internal structures. Comparison of the internal structures of these features with those of previously documented seismic‐generated sedimentary volcanoes helps in differentiating the various modes of mobilised sediment generation. Sedimentary volcanoes are commonly employed as tools in palaeoseismic reconstruction, thus it is important to establish criteria to differentiate non‐seismic‐generated sedimentary volcanoes and accompanying sediment deformation from those features generated by earthquakes. Trenches through the volcanoes and immediate subsurface areas reveal a complex cone stratigraphy of centimetre‐scale graded sand‐silt laminations and clastic dikes that cross‐cut the cone and sub‐cone (delta) sediment. Some cone strata have ripple cross laminations, a scoured base and are disrupted by soft‐sediment deformation. In the 2016 volcano, the lowest 0.5 m of the dikes exposed in the trench are filled with organic‐rich mud, but these conduits are empty nearer to the surface as a result of sediment settling after eruption cessation. The 2019 sedimentary volcano differs from the other by: (1) more cross laminations in the cone, (2) collapse structures surrounding the crater, (3) a relatively simple plumbing system assisted by desiccation‐generated fissures and (4) a massive sediment infill of the vent. Both complex internal cone stratigraphy and the two distinct cross‐cutting dike‐conduit systems, unequivocally generated by recurrent gas and water discharge, add to the database of features for non‐seismic‐generated sedimentary volcanoes. This array of sedimentary structures from a non‐seismic‐generated sedimentary volcano demonstrates that certain features, including numerous internal laminations composing the cone and complex generations of dike systems are not unique to seismic‐generated sand volcanoes.

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Lacustrine sedimentary responses to earthquakes—soft-sediment deformation structures since late Pleistocene: A review of current understanding

Cited by 6 publications

References 43 publications

Quaternary evolution of the Jinshan Gorge and Yellow River: Insight from numerical modelling and terrace correlation

Quaternary evolution of the Jinshan Gorge and Yellow River: Insight from numerical modelling and terrace correlation

Linking the impact of seismicity on palaeogeographic evolution and sedimentary architecture: A case study from Middle Jurassic succession of Spiti Himalaya

Anatomy of modern sedimentary volcanoes produced by gas‐charged groundwater liquefaction, Lake Powell, Hite, Utah: Implications for the recognition and interpretation of ancient sedimentary volcanoes

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