“…However, creating ladder diagrams for highly complex processes such as welding of complex parts, loading-unloading, painting, etc. may be possible, as Iskandar, Rameli & Ramadhan (2018) argue, with heuristic methods, but the success of those methods depends greatly on the experience of the programmer. This leads to an ever-increasing level of professional speciali- sation, combined with also increased demand for narrow specialised employees (Bogoviz, Gulyaeva, Semenova & Lobova, 2018).…”