“…To better validate and demonstrate the flow characteristics, additional experimental results would be added for the hydrofoil in the future work. As demonstrated in [29], the Eulerian approaches, such as streamlines, velocity vectors, and -vorticity contours, are aiming at partitioning the flow based on the instantaneous distribution of a scalar field, while the particle-based Lagrangian approach, such as particle track, is concerned with patterns emerging from the advection of passive tracers. An approach based on the trajectory of point over a period of time, finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE), has been proven to be useful to evaluate exact vortex boundaries in unsteady flow field, but more systematic validations are needed, particularly for the specific temporal and spatial resolution for the pitching foil cases.…”