Lamellar Bone: Structure–Function Relations

Weiner, Steve; Traub, W.; Wagner, H. Daniel

doi:10.1006/jsbi.1999.4107

Cited by 617 publications

(505 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In order to understand the response of bone to mechanical loading, the microstructure must be defined. Microstructural analyses of murine cortical bone performed with wide angle xray scattering (WAXS) and TEM on sections of a similar location, age, gender and background strain as used in this study [18] are in agreement with what has been reported by others [2,19]. Briefly, the microstructure of mid-diaphysial sections transverse to the long axis consists of needle-shaped crystals oriented primarily parallel to the axis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Many microstructural parameters, including crystal size, orientation and crystalline/amorphous ratio affect the mechanical properties of bone [2]. In order to understand the response of bone to mechanical loading, the microstructure must be defined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes in vibrational frequency with pressure are similar between loading and unloading, implying reversibility, as a result of the inability to permanently move water out of the lattice. The use of high pressure Raman microspectroscopy enables a deeper understanding of the response of tissue to mechanical stress and demonstrates that individual mineral and matrix constituents respond differently to pressure.Key words: Raman spectroscopy -Bone -Biomechanics -Diamond anvil cell -High pressureThe chemical composition and crystal structure of bone play an essential role in its biological and structural functions [1,2]. Bone tissue can be described as a composite of an organic matrix reinforced with an inorganic mineral phase.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chemical composition and crystal structure of bone play an essential role in its biological and structural functions [1,2]. Bone tissue can be described as a composite of an organic matrix reinforced with an inorganic mineral phase.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bone Chemical Structure Response to Mechanical Stress Studied by High Pressure Raman Spectroscopy

et al. 2005

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Abstract. While the biomechanical properties of bone are reasonably well understood at many levels of structural hierarchy, surprisingly little is known about the response of bone to loading at the ultrastructural and crystal lattice levels. In this study, our aim was to examine the response (i.e., rate of change of the vibrational frequency of mineral and matrix bands as a function of applied pressure) of murine cortical bone subjected to hydrostatic compression. We determined the relative response during loading and unloading of mineral vs. matrix, and within the mineral, phosphate vs. carbonate, as well as proteinated vs. deproteinated bone. For all mineral species, shifts to higher wave numbers were observed as pressure increased. However, the change in vibrational frequency with pressure for the more rigid carbonate was less than for phosphate, and caused primarily by movement of ions within the unit cell. Deformation of phosphate on the other hand, results from both ionic movement as well as distortion. Changes in vibrational frequencies of organic species with pressure are greater than for mineral species, and are consistent with changes in protein secondary structures such as alterations in interfibril cross-links and helix pitch. Changes in vibrational frequency with pressure are similar between loading and unloading, implying reversibility, as a result of the inability to permanently move water out of the lattice. The use of high pressure Raman microspectroscopy enables a deeper understanding of the response of tissue to mechanical stress and demonstrates that individual mineral and matrix constituents respond differently to pressure.Key words: Raman spectroscopy -Bone -Biomechanics -Diamond anvil cell -High pressureThe chemical composition and crystal structure of bone play an essential role in its biological and structural functions [1,2]. Bone tissue can be described as a composite of an organic matrix reinforced with an inorganic mineral phase. The organic matrix is about 90% type I collagen fibrils locally oriented predominantly parallel to each other (in long bone) that provide a supporting matrix upon which the mineral crystals grow. The mineral fraction of bone is a highly impure carbonated apatite situated between collagen fibril cross-links and fibril ends. Both the organic and mineral components and the interactions between the two contribute to boneÕs mechanical properties, including strength, toughness and elasticity. It is not clear though how mineral crystallites deform in response to mechanical loading nor how the matrix deforms. This is particularly true at the atomic level. To better understand deformation it is useful to extract atomic-level compositional information about the changes in inorganic and organic phases that occur when bone undergoes mechanical loading.Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique for relating bone mechanical properties with bone ultrastructural and crystal lattice changes [3]. Raman spectroscopy provides bone vibrational spectra and, like infrared spectros...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Bone Chemical Structure Response to Mechanical Stress Studied by High Pressure Raman Spectroscopy

et al. 2005

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“…Its structure is organized to achieve remarkable mechanical performance 3, 4. The organic matrix, representing around 25% of bone weight, is constituted of more than 90% of type I collagen molecules that assemble in a quarter‐staggered fashion into thin (20 to 500 nm) and long (∼100 μm) fibrils 5, 6, 7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large Deformation Mechanisms, Plasticity, and Failure of an Individual Collagen Fibril With Different Mineral Content

Dépalle

Qin

Shefelbine

et al. 2015

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Mineralized collagen fibrils are composed of tropocollagen molecules and mineral crystals derived from hydroxyapatite to form a composite material that combines optimal properties of both constituents and exhibits incredible strength and toughness. Their complex hierarchical structure allows collagen fibrils to sustain large deformation without breaking. In this study, we report a mesoscale model of a single mineralized collagen fibril using a bottom‐up approach. By conserving the three‐dimensional structure and the entanglement of the molecules, we were able to construct finite‐size fibril models that allowed us to explore the deformation mechanisms which govern their mechanical behavior under large deformation. We investigated the tensile behavior of a single collagen fibril with various intrafibrillar mineral content and found that a mineralized collagen fibril can present up to five different deformation mechanisms to dissipate energy. These mechanisms include molecular uncoiling, molecular stretching, mineral/collagen sliding, molecular slippage, and crystal dissociation. By multiplying its sources of energy dissipation and deformation mechanisms, a collagen fibril can reach impressive strength and toughness. Adding mineral into the collagen fibril can increase its strength up to 10 times and its toughness up to 35 times. Combining crosslinks with mineral makes the fibril stiffer but more brittle. We also found that a mineralized fibril reaches its maximum toughness to density and strength to density ratios for a mineral density of around 30%. This result, in good agreement with experimental observations, attests that bone tissue is optimized mechanically to remain lightweight but maintain strength and toughness. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

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Die biologische und medizinische Bedeutung von Calciumphosphaten

2002

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Die anorganische Komponente der Hartgewebe (Knochen und Zähne) von Säugetieren besteht aus Calciumphosphat, hauptsächlich aus Hydroxylapatit. Auch die meisten pathologischen Verkalkungen, die zu oft schweren Erkrankungen führen, beruhen letztlich auf der Kristallisation von Calciumphosphaten an unerwünschten Orten im Körper. Medizinisch wichtig ist hier vor allem die Arteriosklerose, d. h. die Blockierung von Blutgefäßen durch Cholesterin und Calciumphosphate. Die Kariesbildung beruht auf dem Ersatz des wenig löslichen, harten Hydroxylapatits durch andere, besser lösliche und weichere Calciumphosphatphasen. Osteoporose ist eine Demineralisierung von Knochen. Chemisch kann man die Bildung von Knochen und Zähnen genau wie die pathologische Verkalkung (Arteriosklerose) als eine In‐vivo‐Kristallisation bezeichnen, ebenso wie man Karies und Osteoporose als In‐vivo‐Auflösung von Calciumphosphat beschreiben kann. Calciumphosphate sind an vielen Stellen im Körper präsent. Viele Biomaterialien mit hoher Biokompatibilität beruhen daher auf diesen Materialien. Calciumphosphatzemente werden als Knochenersatz verwendet, und Titan‐Implantate zum Zahn‐ oder Hüftgelenkersatz werden mit Calciumphosphaten beschichtet, um das Anwachsen von Knochen und damit die mechanische Stabilität zu erhöhen. In diesem Aufsatz wird die biologische und medizinische Bedeutung der Calciumphosphate aus dem Blickwinkel eines Chemikers beleuchtet und an Beispielen erläutert.

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Lamellar Bone: Structure–Function Relations

Cited by 617 publications

References 44 publications

Bone Chemical Structure Response to Mechanical Stress Studied by High Pressure Raman Spectroscopy

Bone Chemical Structure Response to Mechanical Stress Studied by High Pressure Raman Spectroscopy

Large Deformation Mechanisms, Plasticity, and Failure of an Individual Collagen Fibril With Different Mineral Content

Die biologische und medizinische Bedeutung von Calciumphosphaten

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