Laminar organization of acetylcholinesterase and cytochrome oxidase in the lateral geniculate nucleus of prosimians

McDonald, Colin T.; McGuinness, Evelynn; Allman, John M.

doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90598-a

Cited by 11 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…The immunostained fibers are laden with varicosities that appear at the electron microscopic level to form numerous, conventional synapses. These results, together with previous work in other species, indicate that the cholinergic system provides a substantial and highly synaptic innervation of the LGN complex Raczkowski and Fitzpatrick, 1989;Heckers et al, 1992;McDonald et al, 1993). Examination of the cellular structures associated with ChAT-labeled varicosities suggests that, as in other species (Hallanger et al, 1987;Fitzpatrick et al, 1988, the cholinergic axons in the macaque target dLGN thalamocortical cells as well as inhibitory interneurons and thalamic reticular neurons.…”

Section: Chat Labelingsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…Such differences were not apparent in previous ChAT studies involving Galago or human dLGN (Heckers et al, 1992;McDonald et al, 1993). Topographic specificity in the cholinergic projection is most evident in the low density of cholinergic immunostaining in the dLGN interlaminar zones compared to the more densely stained laminar regions.…”

Section: Chat Labelingmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…A single light microscopic paper (Manning et al, 1996) has shown that histaminergic axons are, indeed, present in and distributed throughout the macaque dLGN, but the ultrastructure of the histaminergic terminals has not been examined yet in a primate dLGN. ChAT immunoreactivity has not been examined previously in the macaque thalamus; however, evidence of cholinergic axons in human and Galago dLGN (Heckers et al, 1992;McDonald et al, 1993) suggest that cholinergic innervation may be an important feature of the primate dLGN. Although acetylcholinesterase immunohistochemistry has been used to examine the LGNs of prosimians and macaques (Dean et al, 1982;McDonald et al, 1993), this marker does not always correlate with ChAT labeling, and ChAT is a more definitive marker for acetylcholine terminals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…ChAT immunoreactivity has not been examined previously in the macaque thalamus; however, evidence of cholinergic axons in human and Galago dLGN (Heckers et al, 1992;McDonald et al, 1993) suggest that cholinergic innervation may be an important feature of the primate dLGN. Although acetylcholinesterase immunohistochemistry has been used to examine the LGNs of prosimians and macaques (Dean et al, 1982;McDonald et al, 1993), this marker does not always correlate with ChAT labeling, and ChAT is a more definitive marker for acetylcholine terminals. In addition, one cannot always generalize to primates the results obtained in other species because species differences are clearly present in the density and distribution of axons of neuromodulators.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The ascending modulatory systems to the dLGN include cholinergic projections from the brainstem pedunculopontine nucleus and the parabigeminal nucleus (deLima and Singer, 1987;Smith et al, 1988;Steriade, 1988;Fitzpatrick et al, 1989;Bickford et al, 1993;McDonald et al, 1993) and a histaminergic projection from the tuberomammillary nucleus in the hypothalamus (Panula et al, 1990;Uhlrich et al, 1993;Manning et al, 1996). The cholinergic and histaminergic systems appear to control neurotransmission through the dLGN in a state-or activitydependent fashion (Steriade and McCarley, 1990) as cells of origin are generally quiescent during slow wave sleep and more active when the animal is awake (Vanni-Mercier et al, 1984;Steriade and McCarley, 1990;Schwartz et al, 1991;McCormick, 1992).…”

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confidence: 97%

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Comparison of cholinergic and histaminergic axons in the lateral geniculate complex of the macaque monkey

et al. 1999

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The cholinergic and histaminergic projections have important neuromodulatory functions in the ascending visual pathways, so we compared the pattern and mode of innervation of the two projections in the lateral geniculate complex (dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and pregeniculate nucleus) of the macaque monkey. Brain tissue from macaques was immunoreacted by means of antibodies to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) or to histamine and processed for light and electron microscopy. A dense plexus of thin, highly branched ChAT-immunoreactive axons laden with varicosities was found in all layers of the dLGN including the koniocellular laminae and in the pregeniculate nucleus. ChAT label was more dense in magnocellular layers 1 and 2 than in parvocellular layers 3-6 and relatively sparse in the interlaminar zones. Varicosities associated with the cholinergic axons had an average of three conventional asymmetric synapses per varicosity, and these appeared to contact dendrites of both thalamocortical cells and interneurons. Histamine-immunoreactive axons were distributed homogeneously throughout all laminar and interlaminar zones of the dLGN, but were denser in the pregeniculate nucleus than in the dLGN. Histaminergic axons branched infrequently and were typically larger in caliber than cholinergic axons. The overwhelming majority of varicosities were found en passant and rarely displayed conventional synapses, despite the abundance of synaptic vesicles, and were not associated preferentially with specific cellular structures. The innervation of the macaque dLGN complex by cholinergic and histaminergic systems is consistent with their proposed role in state dependent modulation of thalamic activity. The dense and highly synaptic innervation by cholinergic axons supports the proposal of additional involvement of these axons in functions related to eye movements.

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Section: Chat Labelingsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Chat Labelingmentioning

confidence: 56%

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confidence: 94%

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confidence: 94%

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confidence: 97%

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Comparison of cholinergic and histaminergic axons in the lateral geniculate complex of the macaque monkey

et al. 1999

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Overview of the visual system of tarsius

2005

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Tarsiers, which are currently considered to constitute the sister group of anthropoid primates, exhibit a number of morphological specializations such as remarkably large eyes, big ears, long hind legs, and a nearly naked tail. Here we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on the tarsier visual system and describe recent anatomical observations from our laboratory. Its large eyes notwithstanding, the most remarkable feature of the tarsier brain is the large size and distinct lamination of area V1. Based on the need of tarsier for optimal scotopic vision and acuity to detect small prey in low lighting conditions, tarsiers may have preserved a high level of visual acuity by enlarging V1 at the expense of other areas. The other classically described visual regions are present in tarsier, albeit many borders are not clearly distinct on histochemical or immunohistochemical preparations. Tarsiers also have a large number and unusual distributions of cones in the retina, with high numbers of M/L-cones in the central retina and S-cones surprisingly at the periphery, which may be sensitive to UV light and may be useful for prey detection. These adaptive specializations may together account for the unique nocturnal predatory requirements of tarsiers.

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Architectonic characteristics of the visual thalamus and superior colliculus in titi monkeys

Baldwin

Krubitzer

2018

J of Comparative Neurology

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Titi monkeys are arboreal, diurnal New World monkeys whose ancestors were the first surviving branch of the New World radiation. In the current study, we use cytoarchitectonic and immunohistochemical characteristics to compare titi monkey subcortical structures associated with visual processing with those of other well-studied primates. Our goal was to appreciate features that are similar across all New World monkeys, and primates in general, versus those features that are unique to titi monkeys and other primate taxa. We examined tissue stained for Nissl substance, cytochrome oxidase (CO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), calbindin (Cb), parvalbumin (Pv), and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) to characterize the superior colliculus, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual pulvinar. This is the first study to characterize VGLUT2 in multiple subcortical structures of any New World monkey. Our results from tissue processed for VGLUT2, in combination with other histological stains, revealed distinct features of subcortical structures that are similar to other primates, but also some features that are slightly modified compared to other New World monkeys and other primates. These included subdivisions of the inferior pulvinar, sublamina within the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) of the superior colliculus, and specific koniocellular layers within the lateral geniculate nucleus. Compared to other New World primates, many features of the subcortical structures that we examined in titi monkeys were most similar to those in owl monkeys and marmosets, with the lateral geniculate nucleus consisting of two main parvocellular layers and two magnocellular layers separated by interlaminar zones or koniocellular layers.

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Laminar organization of acetylcholinesterase and cytochrome oxidase in the lateral geniculate nucleus of prosimians

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

Comparison of cholinergic and histaminergic axons in the lateral geniculate complex of the macaque monkey

Comparison of cholinergic and histaminergic axons in the lateral geniculate complex of the macaque monkey

Overview of the visual system of tarsius

Architectonic characteristics of the visual thalamus and superior colliculus in titi monkeys

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