“…The desirable properties of a scaffold for stem cell transplantation are biocompatibility, biodegradability, mimic the 3D biological microenvironment, incorporation of different ECM, pore size, stability, electrical conductivity, porosity, non-immunogenicity, interconnectivity, safety (low or non-toxic) and alignment[ 70 , 76 , 77 ]. Various fabrication techniques have been developed to produce different scaffolds, such as emulsion freeze-drying, electrospinning, thermally-induced phase separation, solvent casting/particular leaching, computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing, melt molding, rapid prototyping (3D printing, selective laser sintering, stereolithography, and fused deposition modeling), nanofiber self-assembly, and photolithography[ 78 , 79 ].…”