Lance Armstrong’s Era of Performance — Part II: Revisiting His Time Trial Wins

Abstract

This archival study (N = 100) compared Lance Armstrong's time trial wins to victories demonstrated by all former multiple Grand Tour winners (1949-1995 Coppi, Anquetil, Merckx, Hinault, Indurain) and by riders who won similar races in the three major European Grand Tours ( Findings disprove the argument from ignorance, a false logic which refers to the often heard opinion that cyclists' performances over time (including Armstrong's wins) are mainly determined by their use of increasingly potent doping aids. However, in contrast to this logic, the distances of the time trials constitute the main determinant of riders' performances rather than the year in which they competed, and riders engaged in doping affairs did not significantly outperform riders who were not.

Effect Size Estimation Fromt-Statistics in the Presence of Publication Bias

“…In this case, meta-analysts often combine the results of several studies to obtain a particularly reliable and comprehensive assessment of the drug’s efficacy. Large numbers of meta-analytic studies have been conducted in various fields, such as clinical psychology (e.g., Shadish, Navarro, Matt, & Phillips, 2000), differential psychology (e.g., Hyde, Fennema, & Lamon, 1990), educational research (e.g., Kroesbergen & Van Luit, 2003), medical research (e.g., Lodewijkx, Brouwer, Kuipers, & van Hezewijk, 2013), neuropsychology (e.g., Frazier, Demaree, & Youngstrom, 2004), neuroscience (e.g., Molenberghs, Cunnington, & Mattingley, 2009), and social psychology (e.g., Richard, Bond, & Stokes-Zoota, 2003).…”

Dynamic of arm’s micro movements of elite athlete in Olympic exercises Rapid Fire Pistol and Air Pistol

“…It is the fact that technologies' progress in sports accelerates [19][20][21][22][23]. And it means that new methods of data obtaining and processing shall be improved on the base of computerization [30][31][32].…”