Land, Agriculture and Livelihood of Scheduled Tribes in North-East India

Marchang, Reimeingam

doi:10.1177/2321024917732905

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Several efforts were made to resettle the Jhumia's in the northeastern states, for example the promotion of rubber plantation in Tripura, but it did not succeed due to market failures and planters did not receive fair price of their products (Prasad, 2016). Traditionally, the land was owned by the community in Adivasi areas and the pressure on land was not much exerted as a result incidence of landlessness was negligible (Maithani,1991, Marchang, 2016 but over time various factors including the introduction of settled and permanent cultivation have led to intrusion of private ownership of land in the Northeastern region also (Marchang, 2022).…”

Section: Livelihoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transitions in Socio-Economic Dimensions of Adivasi Landscape

Ballabh

2024

IJAE

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There are 705 communities officially classified as Scheduled Tribe but popularly known as Adivasis. The total population of Adivasis is 104.55 crores constituting 8.6 per cent of India's population (as per the 2011 census). They are known by various names such as ST, Adivasi, Janjati, Indigenous Communities, Aborigines, Girijans etc. They live at the bottom of the pyramid in terms of socio-economic developmental indicators. The paper explores the identity and ethnoregional politics of the Adivasi community, their alienation from the forest, land and the consequences of developmentinduced displacement, their involvement in forest protection through Joint Forest Management, and the implementation of the Forest Rights Act for their upliftment. It further explores their socio-economic status, the reasons for it being poor even after so many years of independence and the role played by governmental and non-governmental organizations in improving their economic status and livelihood. It has been argued that rather than focusing on ethno-regional politics, it will be more advantageous for the Adivasi community to focus on land and forest rights and make sure that resettlement and rehabilitation of the tribal communities are accorded priority over developmental projects. The agricultural universities should focus on understanding the Adivasis' agricultural production systems and should strengthen interlinkages with the forest and water resources in the Adivasi areas. The supply chain for both agricultural products such as millets and minor forest produce needs to be strengthened. The Adivasi areas are rich in organic matter and the focus on the Adivasi agriculture and production system may increase the production of millet crop and organic crop, leading to a third green revolution in India. The experiences of several NGO's working with the Adivasi community have found that the Adivasis are adoptive, innovative and have strong learning aptitude. With supportive public policy and institutional mechanisms, it is possible to integrate and assimilate Adivasis' with the mainstream of the society.

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Section: Livelihoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transitions in Socio-Economic Dimensions of Adivasi Landscape

Ballabh

2024

IJAE

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“…However, its ownership system varies across ethnicity and among different villages. In the hills of Manipur as in most of the ‘tribal regions of North East India, the land is owned communally (Maithani, 1991; Marchang, 2018) by people having common lineage or owing allegiance to common village administration. There are two broad traditional land ownership systems in the hills of Manipur which can be classified between the Nagas and Kukis groups.…”

Section: Agricultural Landmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on Agrarian Economy in the Hills of Manipur with Special Reference to Thadou-Kuki Ethnic Group

Guite

Sharma

2023

Journal of Land and Rural Studies

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Jhum-based agriculture has been the dominant mode of economic activity in terms of production and livelihoods for tribal people of Manipur. Thadou tribe has the highest population among all the tribes in Manipur, and their economy has been characterised by jhumming. But in recent times there has been a significant change in the way, these tribes practice their economic activities and livelihoods. The study is based on 15 villages of four different sub-divisions of three hill districts of Manipur where Thadou-Kukis are settled in large numbers. The study seeks to understand the occupational patterns of Thadou-Kuki group and the nature of its agrarian economy using village level data. The study finds that the occupational patterns of this group are changing and they are giving up jhum-based paddy cultivation for other cash crops and non-agricultural sectors. Settled cultivation is practiced widespread but due to the non-application of modern inputs, there has been a huge shortage of rice. Agricultural diversification is taking place in jhum area and there are inter-regional variations in the way the villages practice diversification. Some villages are growing poppy in a large scale and some high-value crops like ginger, king chilly and sesame. The nature of Thadou-Kuki agrarian economy is no more a homogenous one; it is now more of a differentiated agrarian economy. The state of the agrarian economy in the surveyed villages indicates a transitional flux where there is a huge food grain deficit and at the same time diversification is not taking smoothly.

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“…This is one of the main reasons why ST households in the region generally possess more land in comparison with other social groups (GoI 2014). Over the years, especially in recent past, private land ownership has also evolved as means of livelihood of those STs who have changed towards more diversified, modern and marketoriented employment and economy (Marchang 2018).…”

Section: Income and Expenditure Pattern Among Respondentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Income inequality among indigenous people dependent on traditional agroforestry system in Indian Himalayas

Pandey

Adhiguru²,

et al. 2021

Indian J Agri Sci

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There is increasing concern about unequal distribution of income and wealth especially in developing economies, and to address this issue, there is greater thrust for inclusive development in the recent years. In this context, this paper looks into growing income inequality among the forest dwellers based on the empirical study conducted in North Eastern Hill (NEH) states of India. The primary data were collected through survey and personal interview covering a sample of 500 forest dweller households’ sampled during 2016-17 from 52 villages located across six NEH states (Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura). Further, various options of income generation by providing equal access to resources has been dealt in the paper. It was observed that the shifting cultivation (SC) remains the main source of livelihood in all the studied sites. The clear-cut inter-state income disparities among the forest dwellers were demonstrated by Gini ratios. The high variation in Gini ratios indicates higher disparities in nonfarm income and it may be because of unequal opportunities for non-farm activities. In addition, other factors which are contributing significantly to income inequality are socio-personal factors, policies and programmes on SC management. The understanding on the role played by such factors would greatly facilitate in evolving appropriate policy perspectives for reducing economic inequality through measures like increasing investment in human capital and thus ensuring a stable farm economy in this region.

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Land, Agriculture and Livelihood of Scheduled Tribes in North-East India

Cited by 11 publications

References 6 publications

Transitions in Socio-Economic Dimensions of Adivasi Landscape

Transitions in Socio-Economic Dimensions of Adivasi Landscape

A Study on Agrarian Economy in the Hills of Manipur with Special Reference to Thadou-Kuki Ethnic Group

Income inequality among indigenous people dependent on traditional agroforestry system in Indian Himalayas

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