Land subsidence and its affecting factors in Cangzhou, North China Plain

Abstract

Land subsidence is a typical geo-hazard in Cangzhou, North China Plain, having caused severe damages to transportation networks, public utilities, and other civil infrastructures. The mechanism of land subsidence and its affecting factors were revealed by theoretical model analysis, and doing geotechnical tests and monitoring of soil deformation as well as groundwater level. Theoretical analysis shows that groundwater withdrawal from both unconfined and confined aquifers can lead to land subsidence. Land subsidence of the Cangzhou Plain is mainly caused by the exploitation of deep confined groundwater. Geotechnical tests show a general trend that the compressive modulus increases with the increase of soil depth. The strata of the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene are mostly normally consolidated and partially under-consolidated, which are prone to produce large compression after pumping. Land subsidence in the Cangzhou Plain has a strong hysteresis because of seepage consolidation and creep. The deformation characteristics of strata change at different depth. The shallow aquifers are mainly elastic deformation. The area of severe land subsidence in the Cangzhou Plain is closely related to rainfall, mainly because the large amount of water are used for agricultural irrigation. InSAR results show a sudden change in regional subsidence across the Cangdong fault, which is caused by the difference in the thickness of Quaternary sediments and the difference in the deep confined groundwater level.

Comprehensive quantitative determination of aquifer confinement based on tidal response of well water level and its application in North China

“…Secondly, various factors such as large earthquakes 9 , 20 , 24 , 43 , hydrological processes such as rainfall 14 , 15 , 31 , 44 , and even land subsidence (e.g., CX well; see Fig. S2 ) 45 can affect aquifers confinement during long-term continuous monitoring. These factors can lead to the generation of hydraulic connections with the overlying aquifer, thereby altering the aquifer's confinement status to a semi-confined or even unconfined type.…”

Determination of hydraulic parameters of non-linear consolidation clay layers by type curve method

“…Clayey soils widely cover the surface of basins, plains, seabed, and groundwater aquifer systems, such as the Yangtze Delta in China and the Virginia coastal plain aquifer system in the U.S. (Konikow and Neuzil, 2007;Guo and Li, 2015). Clay and silt are the main components of aquitards, and the hydraulic characteristics of aquitards are closely related to groundwater environmental protection, groundwater storage utilization, and land subsidence (Li et al, 2017;Li et al, 2019;Guo et al, 2022). In addition, clay soil is a significant component of the liner systems installed at hazardous waste disposal sites (e.g., municipal solid waste landfills and nuclear waste disposal sites), thus it has a positive effect on the protection of the water and soil environment around the site, and is an important component of building foundations, dam seepage control systems, mine tailings dams, etc.…”