Land use and land cover change dynamics of Uzbekistan: a review

Abstract

Land use and land cover change (LULCC) is a dynamic process that shapes landscapes, ecosystems, and human societies. In the context of Uzbekistan, a country in Central Asia, LULCC has been driven by a complex interplay of socio-economic, political, and environmental factors. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the historical trajectories, drivers, and implications of LULCC in Uzbekistan. Through the synthesis of diverse data sources including remote sensing imagery, government reports, and peer-reviewed literature, we trace the evolution of land use patterns over time. Agricultural expansion and industrial development have reshaped land cover, impacting biodiversity and ecosystem services. We discuss the intricate web of drivers behind these changes, encompassing demographic shifts, policy alterations, and economic priorities. Moreover, we explore the socio-economic consequences of LULCC, addressing both opportunities and challenges posed by urbanization and agricultural intensification. The interactions between LULCC and climate patterns are examined, underlining the need for climate-conscious land use planning. Drawing on these insights, we emphasize the importance of sustainable land management and evidence-based policy formulation to mitigate negative impacts and maximize benefits. This review underscores the need for continued research, adaptive strategies, and collaborative efforts to address the complex and evolving dynamics of LULCC in Uzbekistan.

Metodology for checking the seismic strength of buildings based on existing norms

“…Various construction organizations, research and project institutes offer organizational and technological solutions for adding additional floors, expanding buildings, expanding erkers and loggias, Diamond and strengthening structures, creating energy savings in buildings, replacing engineering networks, repairing roofs, etc. However, not all recommendations of foreign construction engineers can be applied to the territory of the Respublka of Uzbekistan [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

“…They were subjected to spiritual decay. All these indicators indicate that the reconstruction of buildings is possible [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

“…They are responsible and a number of important tasks are set for specialists to be solved and completed. [9][10][11][12][13].…”

“…At the same time, since September 1, 2022, the introduction of the procedure for obtaining conclusions on earthquake relations to objects belonging to Category IV (objects with the highest risk factor), the risk factor under which a new construction is planned in the seismic active zones of our republic, And since October 1, it is another aspect of recognition that the procedure for introducing proposals for the gradual introduction of new housing in the territory of the Republic into the local state authorities in the place of seismically weak and accident-prone housing, which, according to the results of which the period of operation has been completed, has been established and the practice of Starting in 2023, a series of construction planned or selected buildings and structures with a height of 9 floors or higher in the seismic active zones of the Republic, testing and inspection using vibrodynamic equipment or modern digitized instrumental equipment was established in order to increase the earthquake intensity, ensure quality and eliminate defects in advance [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

Comparison of current and expired norms for the development of methods for checking and monitoring the seismic resistance of buildings

“…The differences between these norms and European seismic norms are given. When studying the problem, the scientific works of a number of authors were considered [1][2][3]6,7].…”