Land-use change in Australia and the Kyoto Protocol

Hamilton, Clive; Vellen, Lins

doi:10.1016/s1462-9011(99)00007-6

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The mash and paper industry's principle GGE reduction endeavors have concentrated on generation forms [12] yet enhancements in reusing rates as of late have most likely given more prominent advantages, fundamentally through coordinating waste paper far from landfills. Table 2 records a portion of the waste administration choices for lessening GGEs from paper together with an appraisal of their potential viability, the time period over which they convey benefits (reliant on whether they influence CH 4 or CO 2 emanations) and the pertinent administration associations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Waste Management Options to Lessen Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Paper

Mallik¹

2017

AJASR

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This study hired a spreadsheet model to simulate the greenhouse gas emissions (GGEs) from the newspaper production and intake system. The GGEs made by newspaper in Australia during 1994/95 were equal to about 13.5Mt of CO 2 , related to almost 2.5% of Australia's emission total. Over fifty percent of the amount contains CH 4 emissions from landfilled waste material paper. Misuse management options effective in minimizing GGE emissions from the newspaper life-cycle include incineration with energy restoration (most reliable), newspaper recycling, landfill gas restoration and composting. These studies can be expanded to other wood-based and organic and natural wastes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Waste Management Options to Lessen Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Paper

Mallik¹

2017

AJASR

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“…This is based squarely on the innate physical uncertainty of biological systems interacting with a marketbased trading model overlayed with political influences. The substitution of overly complex LULUCF accounting methods for biomass and biosequestration activities towards discounting, deeming or buffer policies may be a necessary direction (Hamilton and Vellen 1999;Hohne et al 2007). Based on past policy efficacy, these alternatives are more likely to provide a balance between responsiveness, simplicity, and sensitivity to economic and regional differences that harness the diverse Australian landscape's considerable biological mitigation potential.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such outcomes create considerable differentiated compliance costs between adherents, and uncertainty between competing opportunities (Babiker et al 2002). As Hamilton and Vellen (1999) documented, the 'Australia clause' divergence from the Kyoto Protocol additionality principals sets a discouraging precedent that exploits complexities to create exemptions. This precedent may prove problematic in future international climate negotiations, even for sectors outside LULUCF.…”

Section: Efficacy Of Australian Lulucf Mitigation Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other Australian competitive advantages negotiated into the Kyoto Protocol include the now infamous 'Australia clause', contained in Article 3.7. This allows Australia to subtract emission removals by sinks from aggregate anthropogenic emissions in the base year from LUC (Hamilton and Vellen 1999;Fry 2007;Hohne et al 2007). Australia originally signed the Kyoto Protocol because it was likely that carbon sinks would reduce the mitigation required to meet the Kyoto Protocol target as a concession to emission-intensive energy and export sectors (Howard 1997;Crowley 2007;Hohne et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Australian carbon biosequestration and bioenergy policy co-evolution: mechanisms, mitigation and convergence

McHenry

2012

Australian Forestry

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SummaryThe intricacies of international land-use change and forestry policy reflect the temporal, technical and political difficulty of integrating biological systems and climate change mitigation. The plethora of co-existing policies with varied technical rules, accreditation requirements, accounting methods, market registries, etc., disguise the unequal efficacies of each mechanism. This work explores the co-evolution and convergence of Australian voluntary and mandatory climate-related policies at the biosequestration-bioenergy interface. Currently, there are temporal differences between the fast-evolving and precise climate-change mechanisms, and the long-term 'permanence' sought from land use changes encouraged by biosequestration instruments. Policy convergence that favours the most efficient, appropriate and scientifically substantiated policy mechanisms is required. These policies must recognise the fundamental biological foundation of biosequestration, bioenergy, biomaterial industrial development and other areas such as food security and environmental concerns. Policy mechanisms that provide administrative simplicity, project longevity and market certainty are necessary for rural and regional Australians to cost-effectively harness the considerable climate change mitigation potential of biological systems.

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“…Depending on the biome and forest condition, the total biocarbon in native forest can be substantial (Keith et al, 2009); recouping this would take decades to achieve. Indeed, a substantial reduction in the Australia's rate of land clearing, from rates of around 1 million ha per year in the 1980s, has been counted against Australia's Kyoto Protocol carbon account under Article 3.7 of that Treaty (Hamilton and Vellen, 1999). This has allowed Australia's 2008-2012 emission target to be met by reducing annual emissions from deforestation from 132 to 50 Tg CO 2 -e yr −1 (Australian Government, 2010a).…”

Section: Enhancing Carbon and Biodiversity Value Of On-farm Remnant Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sustainable agricultural landscape for Australia: A review of interlacing carbon sequestration, biodiversity and salinity management in agroforestry systems

George

Harper

Hobbs

et al. 2012

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

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Transformation of the south-western Australian landscape from deep-rooted woody vegetation systems to shallow-rooted annual cropping systems has resulted in the severe loss of biodiversity and this loss has been exacerbated by rising ground waters that have mobilised stored salts causing extensive dry land salinity. Since the original plant communities were mostly perennial and deep rooted, the model for sustainable agriculture and landscape water management invariably includes deep rooted trees. Commercial forestry is however only economical in higher rainfall (>700 mm yr −1 ) areas whereas much of the area where biodiversity is threatened has lower rainfall (300-700 mm yr −1 ). Agroforestry may provide the opportunity to develop new agricultural landscapes that interlace ecosystem services such as carbon mitigation via carbon sequestration and biofuels, biodiversity restoration, watershed management while maintaining food production. Active markets are developing for some of these ecosystem services, however a lack of predictive metrics and the regulatory environment are impeding the adoption of several ecosystem services. Nonetheless, a clear opportunity exists for four major issues -the maintenance of food and fibre production, salinisation, biodiversity decline and climate change mitigation -to be managed at a meaningful scale and a new, sustainable agricultural landscape to be developed.

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Land-use change in Australia and the Kyoto Protocol

Cited by 20 publications

References 1 publication

A Review on Waste Management Options to Lessen Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Paper

A Review on Waste Management Options to Lessen Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Paper

Australian carbon biosequestration and bioenergy policy co-evolution: mechanisms, mitigation and convergence

A sustainable agricultural landscape for Australia: A review of interlacing carbon sequestration, biodiversity and salinity management in agroforestry systems

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