Land use transportation interaction: An examination of the 1995 NPTS data

Boyko

Journal of Health Communication

2011

The authors explore the relationship between design and noncommunicable diseases, first by highlighting how design knowledge and practice can have a direct and indirect effect on these diseases. They then review the literature on the link between the physical environment (e.g., dwellings, the neighborhood, cities) and noncommunicable diseases. Last, they illustrate the links between design and noncommunicable diseases by exploring in greater detail how designers and the design of the urban environment can play a positive role in the reduction of noncommunicable diseases.

Section: Design For Health 139mentioning

confidence: 87%

Design for Health: The Relationship Between Design and Noncommunicable Diseases

Boyko

Journal of Health Communication

2011

“…Urban planners find extremely low rates of walking for transportation and few pedestrian-favourable land-use policies 46 . Walking/biking increases with proximity, density, connectivity 44,45,47 , higher population density 48,49 , land-use mix, pedestrian advances (e.g. sidewalk connectivity) 50 -52 and reduced pollution 53 .…”

Section: Box 1 -Causal Web Of Influence On the Prevalence Of Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Using research on the obesity pandemic as a guide to a unified vision of nutrition

Popkin

2005

Public Health Nutr.

Objective: To focus on factors that play a major role in our rapid, global nutritional changes. Design: A range of studies are summarised: these show how an understanding of social, economic and technological change at the global, national and community levels affects diet, activity, and body composition patterns and trends. These studies are used to demonstrate the value of the key global, national, community, household and individual factors that should define the field of nutrition. Setting: The focus is global. Result: Large shifts have occurred in diet and in physical activity patternsparticularly in the last one or two decades of the twentieth century. These changes are reflected in nutritional outcomes such as changes in average stature, body composition and morbidity. Understanding the rapidity of these changes and the underlying factors at the global, national and community levels is critical for creating a science of nutrition that can prevent disease and sustain the health and integrity of humans. Conclusion: The vision of the nutrition field is one where scholars who work on many levels will intersect; equal weight in the nutrition profession will be provided to all dimensions as they are welcomed into the field of nutrition -particularly those that will directly or indirectly affect dietary patterns, physical activity patterns, and energetics. This vision of the nutrition field is one where scholars from a range of disciplines and perspectives meet to work together with the goal being a focus on improving nutritional status and the human condition.

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

“…On the basis of current research in physical activity, and transportation planning and public health, [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] we postulated that level specific built environment factors specified in this study would independently account for variation in older adults' walking both at the neighbourhood level and at the resident level. Our specific hypothesis was that neighbourhoods with high level density of places of employment, high level household density, greater numbers of street intersections, and green and open spaces for recreation, would be positively associated with increased walking activity in neighbourhoods.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multilevel modelling of built environment characteristics related to neighbourhood walking activity in older adults

Hakamies-Blomqvist

Fisher²,

Brownson³

et al. 2005

503

343

Objective: To examine the relation between built environment factors (representing several dimensions of urban form of neighbourhoods) and walking activity at both the neighbourhood level and the resident level, in an older adult sample. Design, setting, participants: A cross sectional, multilevel design with neighbourhoods as the primary sampling unit and senior residents as the secondary unit. Five hundred and seventy seven residents (mean age = 74 years, SD = 6.3 years) participated in the survey, which was conducted among 56 city defined neighbourhoods in Portland, Oregon, USA. Neighbourhood level variables were constructed using geographical information systems. Resident level variables consisted of a mix of self reports and geocoded data on the built environment. Main outcome measure: Self reported neighbourhood walking. Main results: A positive relation was found between built environment factors (density of places of employment, household density, green and open spaces for recreation, number of street intersections) and walking activity at the neighbourhood level. At the resident level, perceptions of safety for walking and number of nearby recreational facilities were positively related to high levels of walking activity. A significant interaction was observed between number of street intersections and perceptions of safety from traffic. Conclusions: Certain neighbourhood built environment characteristics related to urban form were positively associated with walking activity in the neighbourhoods of senior residents. Public health promotion of walking activity/urban mobility and the design of interventions need to consider the contribution of neighbourhood level built environment influences.