Land Used Mapping using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) along Parit Rasipan Drainage System

Abstract

Excess nutrients accelerate the growth of plants and algae in water sources, leading to environmental issues like flow retardation (flood), a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the water, and a decline in the quality of the water. Therefore, the goal of this study is to identify the qualityParit Rasipan drainage system's eutrophic level in terms of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity; and to analyse an NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) image taken by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and using Agisoft photoscan software. As a result, four sampling locations—residential (S1), industrial (S2), agricultural (S3), and farming (S4)—have been chosen for water quality sampling and analysis along the Parit Rasipan drainage system. The HACH method wasused to analyse water samples that have been obtained according to the Standard Methods for Water and Wastewater Examinations. It was found that agricultural zone waspoor water quality compared residential, industrial and farmingzoneswithmeasurements of 3.82 mg/L, 3.09, 25.57 °C, and 14.6 NTU, respectively, the agricultural zone hasthe highest values for thefour metrics of dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and turbidity. This scenario could be due to the usage of the fertilizerto cultivate the oil palmcontributed toParit rasipan drainage system (S3)which resulted in asubstantial amount of eutrophication. Hence, the use of UAVs and the agisoft photoscan programme has considerably improved the mapping of the water quality metrics and eutrophic level.

Sewage Water Irrigation and Radioecology Affect in Soil and Plants

“…of the exposed population can be calculated according the following equation ( 7), [20]: ) 𝑓 𝐾 (8) where: fRa, fTh and fK are the respective fractional contributions from the actual activities of radionuclides Ra, Th and K which equal 0.462, 0.0604 and 0.041 respectively. 2.5.8.…”

“…and in some rare cases, those percentages rise, so we find some sites with great competition between the great countries. The scarcity of fresh water is currently the most exciting issue, as the population is increasing steadily and fresh water is scarce, which is why some farmers resort to irrigating agricultural land with sewage water, in addition, Sewage water is a major source of many micronutrients and macronutrients necessary for plant growth such as (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), which are important elements for soil and plants, The flow of wastewater containing nutrients from waterways to the soil quickly causes an increase in nutrient ratios, and as a result of the process of time accumulation and the continuation of the irrigation process exacerbates environmental damage, depletion of dissolved oxygen, extinction of aquatic species, public health risks [8]. So, the use of wastewater in irrigation is a great attraction for farmers in developing and low-income countries, in order to reduce the cost of crop production by about 10-20%.…”