Landscape Controls on Water‐Energy‐Carbon Fluxes Across Different Ecosystems During the North American Monsoon

Perez-Ruiz, E. R.; Vivoni, Enrique R.; Yépez, Enrico A.; Gochis, David; Robles-Morúa, A.; Delgado-Balbuena, Josué; Adams, D. K.

doi:10.1029/2020jg005809

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Surface air MSE is also computed for stations along a transect near 28 • N using observations of temperature, specific humidity, and height from the North American Monsoon GPS Transect Experiment 2013 45 (measurements collected June-September 2013), and the 2017 North American Monsoon GPS Hydrometeorological Network 46 (hereafter referred to as GPS Hydromet 2017, measurements collected June-September 2017), which uses some of the permanent observation sites of the Trans-boundary, Land and Atmosphere Long-term Observational and Collaborative Network (TLALOCNet) 47 . Data from the GPS Transect Experiment 2013 are available every minute while GPS Hydromet 2017 are at 5-minute intervals.…”

Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical forcing of the North American monsoon by orography

Boos

Pascale

2021

Nature

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The core of the North American monsoon consists of a band of intense rainfall along the west coast of Mexico 1, 2 and is commonly thought to be caused by thermal forcing from both land and the elevated terrain of that region [3][4][5] . Here we use observations, a global climate model, and stationary wave solutions to show that this rainfall maximum is instead generated when Mexico's Sierra Madre mountains mechanically force an adiabatic stationary wave by diverting extratropical eastward winds toward the equator; eastward, upslope flow in that wave lifts warm and moist air to produce convective rainfall. Land surface heat fluxes do precondition the atmosphere for convection, particularly in summer afternoons, but even if amplified are insufficient for producing the observed rainfall maximum. These results, together with dynamical structures in observations and models, indicate that the core monsoon should be understood as convectively enhanced orographic rainfall in a mechanically forced stationary wave, not as a classic, thermally forced tropical monsoon. This has implications for the response of the North American monsoon to past and future global climate change, making trends in jet stream interactions with orography of central importance.

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Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical forcing of the North American monsoon by orography

Boos

Pascale

2021

Nature

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“…However, the seasonality of internal water storages, typically in the subsurface, can lead to seasons or longer periods when ET/ R > 100% (e.g., Flerchinger et al, 2020; Knowles et al, 2020; Pérez‐Ruiz et al, 2021; Scott et al, 2008). As a result, in seasonal ecosystems, ET is often drawn from deep water sources during dry periods (e.g., Antunes et al, 2018; Barbeta & Peñuelas, 2017; Miguez‐Macho & Fan, 2021; Pérez‐Ruiz et al, 2021). Consistent with this, we found that the Chihuahuan Desert shrubland relied on carryover soil moisture to support ecosystem productivity and ET during the dry season.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In arid and semiarid regions, ET is the principal means by which water is lost from an ecosystem, and the ratio ET/ R tends to be close to 100% on annual to interannual scales (e.g., Kurc & Small, 2004; Scott, 2010; Tarín et al, 2020; Vivoni et al, 2021; Yépez et al, 2007). However, the seasonality of internal water storages, typically in the subsurface, can lead to seasons or longer periods when ET/ R > 100% (e.g., Flerchinger et al, 2020; Knowles et al, 2020; Pérez‐Ruiz et al, 2021; Scott et al, 2008). As a result, in seasonal ecosystems, ET is often drawn from deep water sources during dry periods (e.g., Antunes et al, 2018; Barbeta & Peñuelas, 2017; Miguez‐Macho & Fan, 2021; Pérez‐Ruiz et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fluxes were calculated at 30-min intervals with EddyPro 7.0.6. Data quality control and flux processing followed the standards of the EC community as described in Pérez-Ruiz et al (2021). As a result, the EC site is registered as part of the AmeriFlux network as "Jornada Experimental Range Mixed Shrubland" (code US-Jo2; https://ameriflux.lbl.gov/sites/siteinfo/US-Jo2), and the datasets presented here are published at the AmeriFlux repository (Vivoni & Pérez-Ruiz, 2022).…”

Section: Water Balance and Carbon Fluxes Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The seasonal variability of water input and atmospheric conditions generates differences in hydrological partitioning and can lead to divergent patterns of ecosystem water use and productivity. Specifically, during the North American monsoon (NAM; Adams & Comrie, 1997), larger rainfall events combined with higher radiation and atmospheric water demand typically lead to higher water losses through ET and from runoff occurring through channels (e.g., McKenna & Sala, 2018; Méndez‐Barroso et al, 2009; Pérez‐Ruiz et al, 2021; Pierini et al, 2014; Templeton et al, 2014; Vivoni et al, 2010). By contrast, the lower intensity precipitation during the winter, when radiation and atmospheric water demands are much lower, typically favors the downward percolation of water through deeper soil layers, with minimal ET and runoff production, but may still support ecosystem productivity and water use within that season (e.g., Anderson‐Teixeira et al, 2011; Scott & Biederman, 2019; Wilcox et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal carryover of water and effects on carbon dynamics in a dryland ecosystem

2022

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Net primary productivity in arid and semiarid regions is controlled by water availability for which rainfall has been a commonly used proxy at annual scales. However, the hydrological partitioning occurring through the water balance can also shape both seasonal and annual net ecosystem productivity. In this study, we used 10 years of water and carbon flux measurements in a mixed shrubland watershed of the Chihuahuan Desert to investigate the seasonal variability and controls on net ecosystem production. Over this period, the site exhibited a bimodal rainfall regime with an average of 211 and 67 mm for the wet (July–December) and dry (January–June) periods of the year, respectively. During the wet season, soil infiltration and channel transmission losses led to an average of 35.8 mm of water stored in the subsurface for subsequent dry periods. By contrast, dry seasons consumed 30.3 mm of stored subsurface water to fulfill the ecosystem water demand, particularly during the springtime. In response, gross primary productivity occurred in equal amounts for both seasons, while ecosystem respiration was substantially higher during the wet season. This resulted in the mixed shrubland acting as an annual net sink of carbon (average of 153.2 g C m−2 year−1) of which 65% occurred during the dry season. We determined that the wet season provided water in excess of vegetation demands in that season, a portion of which was stored in the watershed subsurface for subsequent use, leading to a legacy effect. Gross primary productivity during the dry season was dependent on carryover soil moisture accessed by deep‐rooted shrubs. Our coordinated observations of water–carbon dynamics revealed that water availability during the wet season can sustain the annual ecosystem productivity by impacting the subsequent dry season carbon uptake.

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