“…For animals living in the vicinity of roads, traffic noise may impair their communication (Brumm and Slabbekoorn, 2005), change their vocal signals (Parks et al, 2011), interfere with predator-prey interactions (Siemers and Schaub, 2011) or act as a stressor affecting the neuroendocrine system (Rolland et al, 2012). Consequently, these effects may lead to the reduction of suitable habitats (Bayne et al, 2008), reduced reproductive success (Francis et al, 2011;Halfwerk et al, 2011a;Schroeder et al, 2012), decreased population size (Foote et al, 2004;Reijnen and Foppen, 2006), or altered evolutionary paths (Leonard and Horn, 2005;Luther and Baptista, 2010;Halfwerk et al, 2011b).…”